Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (in full
Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel), later
The Prince Consort, (
26 August 1819 –
14 December 1861) was the husband and
consort of
Queen Victoria of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. He was the only husband of a British queen regnant to have formally held the title of
Prince Consort. Upon Queen Victoria's death in 1901, the
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha succeeded the
House of Hanover on the British throne.
[Queen Victoria remained a member of the House of Hanover, even though, upon marriage her personal surname, if any, is sometimes said to have changed from Hanover (or Guelph) to Wettin. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was not Prince Albert's surname, but rather the dynastic name of the branch of the Saxon ducal family to which he belonged. Victoria and Albert's eldest son, King Edward VII, was the only British monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.]His Serene Highness Prince Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke in Saxony (German:
Prinz Franz Karl August Albert Emmanuel von Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld, Herzog zu Sachsen) was born at
Schloss Rosenau, near
Coburg (now in
Bavaria), as the second son of
Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, later Duke of
Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and his first wife, Princess
Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg. His father's sister,
Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, married Prince
Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King
George III of the United Kingdom and
Queen Charlotte. She was the mother of the future Queen Victoria. Thus Albert and Victoria were first cousins. They were born in the same year.
Albert and his elder brother,
Ernst, spent their youth in a close companionship scarred by their parents' turbulent marriage and eventual separation; their adored mother, exiled from court and barred from seeing her children again due to a sexually active and private affair with a German baron, died young, at age 31, of cancer. The brothers received a good education, attending like many other princes the
University of Bonn. There Albert studied natural science, political economy, and philosophy. His teachers included
Fichte and
Schlegel. He also studied music and painting and excelled in gymnastics, especially in
fencing.
The idea of a marriage between Albert and his cousin Victoria had always been cherished by their uncle, King
Leopold I of Belgium, as well as Victoria's mother (Leopold's sister), the Duchess of Kent, and in May 1836 the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and his two sons paid a visit to
Kensington Palace, where Princess Victoria of Kent (as she then was titled) lived, for the purpose of meeting her.
The visit did not by any means suit Victoria's uncle,
King William IV, who disapproved of the match with his heir, and favored Prince Alexander, second son of
William II of the Netherlands. But Princess Victoria knew of Leopold's plan, and William's objections went for naught.
Princess Victoria, writing to her uncle Leopold, said that Albert was "extremely handsome" and thanked him for the "prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me in the person of dear Albert. He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy." The parties undertook no formal engagement, but privately understood the situation as one which would naturally develop in time.
After Victoria came to the throne on
20 June 1837, her letters show her interest in Albert's being educated for the part he would have to play. In the winter of 1838â€"1839 the prince traveled in
Italy, accompanied by the Queen's confidential adviser,
Baron Stockmar.
In October
1839 he and Ernst went again to
England to visit the Queen, with the object of finally settling the marriage. Mutual inclination and affection at once brought about the desired result. They became definitely engaged on
15 October 1839 and the Queen made a formal declaration of her intention to marry to the
Privy Council on
November 23. The couple married on
10 February 1840 at the
Chapel Royal,
St. James's Palace. Four days before the wedding, his future wife granted Prince Albert the style of
Royal Highness and made him a member of the Privy Council. However the British
Prime Minister at the time,
Lord Melbourne, advised the Queen against granting her husband the title of "
King Consort".
Apparently Prince Albert did not wish to become a
British peer, unlike
Prince George of Denmark, the husband of the future
Queen Anne, who was created
Duke of Cumberland by
King William III in April 1689. He wrote, "It would almost be step downwards, for as a Duke of Saxony, I feel myself much higher than as a Duke of York or Kent."
[Quoted in Kurt Jagow, ed., The Letters of the Prince Consort, 1831â€"61 (London, 1938).] Although he was formally titled "HRH Prince Albert", he was popularly known as "HRH the Prince Consort" for the next seventeen years. On
25 June 1857, Queen Victoria formally granted him the title
Prince Consort.
The position in which the prince was placed by his marriage, while one of distinguished honour, also offered considerable difficulties; and during his lifetime the tactful way in which he filled it was inadequately appreciated. The public life of the Prince Consort cannot be separated from that of the Queen, so most of what he accomplished was tied to her accomplishments.
Nonetheless, he was thought to have undue influence in politics, and the prejudice against him never fully dissipated until after his death.
Prince Albert, a man of cultured and liberal ideas, proved well qualified to take the lead in many reforms which the
United Kingdom of that day sorely needed. He had a special interest in applying science and art to the manufacturing industry. The
Great Exhibition of 1851 originated in a suggestion he made at a meeting of the
Society of Arts and owed the greater part of its success to his intelligent and unwearied efforts.
He had to fight for every stage of the project. In the
House of Lords, Lord Brougham denied the right of the crown to hold the exhibition in
Hyde Park; in the House of Commons, members prophesied that foreign rogues and revolutionists would overrun England, subvert the morals of the people, filch their
trade secrets from them, and destroy their faith and loyalty towards their religion and their sovereign.
Prince Albert served as president of the
Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851, and every post brought him abusive letters, accusing him, as a foreigner, of being intent upon the corruption of England. He was not the man to be balked by talk of this kind and quietly persevered, trusting always that bringing the best manufactured products of foreign countries under the eyes of the mechanics and artisans would improve British manufacturing.
The Queen opened the exhibition on
1 May 1851, and it proved a colossal success. The surplus of 186,000 pounds sterling it raised went to purchase land in
South Kensington and establish a number of educational and cultural institutions, including what would later be named the
Victoria and Albert Museum. This area of London is sometimes referred to as "
Albertopolis".
Prince Albert involved himself in promoting many similar, smaller public, educational institutions. Chiefly at meetings in connection with these he found occasion to make the speeches collected and published in 1857. One of his memorable speeches was the inaugural address he delivered as president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science when it met at
Aberdeen in 1859.
The education of his family and the management of his domestic affairs furnished the prince with another very important sphere of action, in which he employed himself with conscientious devotion.
The estates of the
Duchy of Cornwall, the hereditary property of his son, the
Prince of Wales, improved so greatly under his father's management that the rent receipts rose from 11,000 pounds to 50,000 pounds per year. Prince Albert, indeed, had a peculiar talent for the management of landed estates. His model farm at
Windsor was in every way worthy of the name; and he designed the layout of the grounds at
Balmoral and Osborne.
As the prince became better known, public mistrust began to give way. In 1847, but only after a significantly keen contest with Earl Powis, he was elected chancellor of the
University of Cambridge; and he was afterwards appointed master of
Trinity House. In June 1857 the formal title of Prince Consort was conferred upon him by letters patent, in order to settle certain difficulties as to precedence that had arisen at foreign courts.
But in the full career of his usefulness he was cut off. In 1861 when the
Trent Affair threatened war between the United States and Britain, Albert intervened quietly to soften the British diplomatic response.
[Martin, Life of the Prince Consort, V, pp. 418â€"26.]During the autumn of 1861 he was busy with the arrangements for the projected international exhibition, and it was just after returning from one of the meetings in connection with it that he was seized with his last illness.
Beginning at the end of November with what appeared to be
influenza, it proved to be an attack of
typhoid fever, and, congestion of the lungs supervening, he died on
14 December.
The Queen's grief was overwhelming, and the sympathy of the whole nation erased the tepid feelings the public had for him during his lifetime. Queen Victoria wore mourning for him for the rest of her long life.
Titles
*
1819-1826:
His Serene Highness Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield, Duke in Saxony
*
1826-1840:
His Serene Highness Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony
*
1840-1857:
His Royal Highness Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duke in Saxony
*
1857-1861:
His Royal Highness The Prince Consort
| Name | Birth | Death | Notes |
|---|
| Princess Victoria, Princess Royal | 21 November 1840 | 5 August 1901 | married 1858, Frederick III, German Emperor and King of Prussia; had issue |
| King Edward VII | 9 November 1841 | 6 May 1910 | married 1863, Princess Alexandra of Denmark; had issue |
| The Princess Alice | 25 April 1843 | 14 December 1878 | married 1862, Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine; had issue |
| The Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke of Edinburgh | 6 August 1844 | 31 July 1900 | married 1874, Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia; had issue |
| The Princess Helena | 25 May 1846 | 9 June 1923 | married 1866, Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg; had issue |
| The Princess Louise | 18 March 1848 | 3 December 1939 | married 1871, John Douglas Sutherland Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll; no issue |
| The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn | 1 May 1850 | 16 January 1942 | married 1879, Princess Louise Margarete of Prussia; had issue |
| The Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany | 7 April 1853 | 28 March 1884 | married 1882, Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont; had issue |
| The Princess Beatrice | 14 April 1857 | 26 October 1944 | married 1885, Prince Henry of Battenberg; had issue |
The magnificent mausoleum at
Frogmore, in which his remains were finally deposited, was paid for by the queen and the royal family; and many public monuments were erected all over the country, the most notable being the
Royal Albert Hall (1867) and the
Albert Memorial (1876) in
London. His name also lives on in the Queen's institution of the
Albert Medal (1866), in reward for gallantry in saving life, and in the
Order of Victoria and Albert (1862).
Many credit Prince Albert with introducing the principle that the
British Royal Family should remain above politics. Before his marriage to Victoria the Royal Family supported the
Whigs; early in her reign Victoria managed to thwart the formation of a
Tory government by
Sir Robert Peel by refusing to accept substitutions which Peel wanted to make among her ladies-in-waiting.
Prince Albert is also rightfully credited with advancing the fortunes of his family, the House of
Saxe-Coburg Gotha. Through his marriage with his first cousin
Victoria, Albert fathered nine children. He also had 40 grandchildren, only two of whom were born during his lifetime. Most of his children later became monarchs themselves or married into major European dynasties. Thus, many believed and some still do consider Prince Albert to be the "Father of Europe".
Apocryphal stories
The
Prince Albert genital piercing is named after Prince Albert, the claim being that men of the time, in order to wear the tight trousers that were fashionable would use the piercing to secure their male appendages in a compact and discreet manner. No contemporary evidence supports this rumour and it is certain to have been an invention by
Doug Malloy who popularised more extreme forms of body piercing and wished to give this form a spurious heritage.
According to historian and
science fiction and
alternate history (fiction) author
Harry Harrison, Prince Albert prevented British intervention in the
American Civil War on the
Confederate side, over an incident where a US Navy warship boarded a Royal Mail courier. In Harrison's book
Stars and Stripes Forever Albert died earlier than in history and Victoria blamed his death on
Abraham Lincoln. The boarding by Union forces of a British ship in pursuit of Confederate agents does have basis in the
Trent Affair.
Famous joke
The
Prince Albert in a Can joke refers not to this Prince, but to his eldest son, who was also known as Prince Albert. He would reign as King Edward VII, and is the individual for whom Prince Albert brand tobacco was named.
Image on postage stamps
|
This 1852 essay for a postage stamp was never put into production. |
The only image of Prince Albert to appear on British postage stamps was on the "Prince Consort essays", produced by Henry Archer as part of his trials which led to the introduction of perforations on the early stamps of Queen Victoria. Archer was advised in his demonstration of perforated stamps not to use the likeness of the Queen. There are approximately 24 recorded perforated examples that have survived, including ones in the Royal and Phillips Collections.
*
Archer's Prince Consort EssayMedals
There are two Albert Medals struck in his honour; one presented by the
RSA - see
Albert Medal (RSA) - and one for lifesaving - see
Albert Medal (lifesaving).
*
Albert Memorial*
John Brown*
Royal Albert Hall* Theodore Martin.
The Life of H. R. H. the Prince Consort 5 vol (1874â€"80), authorized by Queen Victoria
* Stanley Weintraub,
Uncrowned King: The Life of Prince Albert (2000)
