Alcohol tolerance
Alcohol tolerance refers to a decreased response to the effects of
ethanol in alcoholic beverages. This reduced sensitivity requires that higher quantities of alcohol be consumed in order to achieve the same
effects as before tolerance began to occur.
Laws establishing maximum blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels for legal operation of motor vehicles do not take into consideration alcohol tolerance. In one study, a group of alcoholics whose BAC was brought to .10, only 24% showed any clinical signs of impairment.
The alcohol tolerance is connected with activity of
Alcohol dehydrogenases (a group of
enzymes responsible for the breakdown of alcohol) in the liver, and in the bloodstream. High level of Alcohol dehydrogenase activity results in fast transformation of ethanol to more toxic acetaldehyde. Such atypical alcohol dehydrogenase is less frequent in alcoholics than in nonalcoholics. Furthermore, among alcoholics, the carriers of this atypical enzyme consume lower ethanol doses, compared to the individuals without the allele.
Some persons of South-East Asian and near-Eastern descent have a mutation in their alcohol dehydrogenase gene, making this enzyme more active.
Heavy alcohol consumption over a period of years can lead to "reverse tolerance." A liver can be damaged by alcohol abuse leading to a buildup of fat and scar tissue. The reduced ability of such a liver to
metabolize or break down alcohol means that small amounts can lead to a high BAC and resulting
intoxication.
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