Aromatase inhibitor
Aromatase inhibitors (
AI) are a class of
drugs used in the treatment of
breast cancer in
postmenopausal women that block the
aromatase enzyme.
AIs are categorized into two types: Irreversible steroidal inhibitors such as
exemestane form a permanent bond with the aromatase enzyme complex, while non-steroidal inhibitors (such as
anastrozole,
letrozole) inhibit the enzyme by reversible competition.
Aromatase inhibitors work by inhibiting the action of the enzyme
aromatase, which converts
androgens into
estrogens by a process called aromatization. As breast tissue is stimulated by estrogens, decreasing their production is a way of suppressing recurrence of the breast tumor tissue.
In contrast to pre-menopausal women, in whom most of the estrogen is produced in the
ovaries, in post-menopausal women most of the body's estrogen is produced in the
adrenal gland from the conversion of androgens. Because some breast cancers respond to estrogen, lowering the estrogen level in post-menopausal women using aromatase inhibitors has been proven to be effective in breast cancer treatment.
[Howell A, et al; ATAC Trialists Group. Results of the ATAC (Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial after completion of 5 years' adjuvant treatment for breast cancer. Lancet 2005 Jan 1-7;365(9453):60-2. PMID 15639680]Aromatase inhibitors are generally not used to treat breast cancer in
premenopausal women. When aromatase inhibitors are used in premenopausal women, the decrease in estrogen activates the hypothalamus and pituitary axis to increase gonadotropin secretion, which in turn stimulates the ovary to increase androgen production. This counteracts the effect of the aromatase inhibitor.
An ongoing area of clinical research is optimizing adjuvant hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.
Tamoxifen has been standard treatment, however the
ATAC trial has shown that clinical results are superior with an AI in postmenopausal women with localized breast cancer that is
estrogen receptor positive. Further studies of various AIs are ongoing.
Investigations are ongoing to look for other applications. Researchers are studying aromatase inhibitors to stimulate ovulation (in a manner similar to, but not exactly the same as,
clomiphene citrate) or suppress estrogen production, ie in
endometriosis.
[Attar E, Bulun SE. Aromatase inhibitors: the next generation of therapeutics for endometriosis? Fertil Steril 2006;85:1307-18. PMID 16647373] AIs are also investigated in the treatment of adolescents whose predicted adult height is low.
Some of the aromatase inhibitors in use include:
*
Aminoglutethimide*
Anastrozole (Arimidex®)
*
Letrozole (Femara®)
*
Exemestane (Aromasin®)
*
4-androstene-3,6,17-trione ("6-OXO", marketed as a
nutritional supplement for athletes and
weight lifters)
