Avebury
Avebury is the site of an enormous
henge and
stone circles in the
English county of
Wiltshire at , surrounding a village of the same name. It is one of the finest and largest
Neolithic monuments in
Europe dating to around 5000 years ago. It is older than the
megalithic stages of
Stonehenge, which is located about 20 miles to the south, although the two monuments are broadly contemporary overall.
Avebury is
National Trust property.
 |
Avebury Henge and Village |
Most of the surviving structure consists of earthworks, known as the dykes. A massive ditch and external bank henge 421 m in diameter and 1.35 km in circumference encloses an area of 115,000 square metres (28.5 acres). The only known comparable sites of similar date (
Stonehenge and
Flagstones in
Dorset) are only a quarter of the size of Avebury. The ditch alone was 21 m wide and 11m deep with its primary fill
carbon dated to between
3400 and
2625 BC. A later date in this period is more likely although excavation of the bank has demonstrated that it was enlarged at one stage in its lifetime, presumably using material excavated from the ditch. The fill at the bottom of the final ditch would therefore post-date any in an earlier, shallower ditch which would have been destroyed.
Within the henge is a great
Outer Circle constituting prehistory's largest stone circle with a diameter of 335 m (1100 ft). It was contemporary with or built around four or five centuries after the earthworks. There were originally 98
sarsen standing stones some weighing in excess of 40 tons. They varied in height from 3.6 to 4.2 m for the examples at the north and south entrances. Carbon dates from the fills of the stoneholes are
2800 –
2400 BC.
Nearer the middle of the monument are two other, separate stone circles. The
Northern inner ring measures 98 m in diameter although only of two of its standing stones remain with two further, fallen ones. A
cove of three stones stood in the middle, its entrance pointing north east.
The
Southern inner ring was 108 m in diameter. Almost all of it has been destroyed with sections of its arc now beneath the village buildings. A single large monolith, 5.5 m high, stood in the centre along with an alignment of smaller stones until they were destroyed in the eighteenth century.
There is an
avenue of paired stones, the
West Kennet Avenue, leading from the south eastern entrance of the henge and traces of a second, the
Beckhampton Avenue lead out from the western one.
Aubrey Burl conjectures a sequence of construction beginning with the North and South Circles being erected around 2800 BC, followed by the Outer Circle and henge around two hundred years later and the two avenues being added around 2400 BC.
A
timber circle, of two concentric rings, identified through
geophysical survey may also have stood in the north east of the outer circle although this has yet to be tested by
excavation. A ploughed-out
barrow is also visible from the air in the north western quadrant.
The henge had four entrances, two opposing ones on a north north west- south south east line and two on an east north east- west south west line.
Despite being an artificial structure, it was featured on the 2005 TV programme
Seven Natural Wonders as one of the wonders of the West Country.
Many of the original stones were destroyed from the
16th century onwards to provide local building materials and to make room for agriculture. The stones were also destroyed due to a fear of the pagan rituals that were associated with the site. Both
John Aubrey and later,
William Stukeley visited the site and described the destruction. Stukeley spent much of the
1720s recording what remained of Avebury and the surrounding monuments. Without his work we would have a much poorer idea of how the site looked and especially little information on the inner rings.
Only 27 stones of the Outer Circle survive and many of these are examples re-erected by
Alexander Keiller in the
1930s. Since the early
Middle Ages, people who considered them to be "
pagan" attempted to bury or move them. This is famously personified by the story of the
Barber surgeon of Avebury.
Concrete pylons now mark the former locations of the missing stones and it is likely that more stones are buried on the site. English Heritage are currently considering whether to dig up and re-erect them.
Excavation at Avebury itself has been limited. Sir Henry Meux put a trench through the bank in 1894, which gave the first indication that the earthwork was built in two phases.
The site was surveyed and excavated intermittently between
1908 and
1922 by a team of workmen under
Harold St George Gray. He was able to demonstrate that the Avebury builders had dug down 11 m into the natural chalk in excavating the henge ditch, producing an outer bank 9 m high around the whole perimeter of the henge and using
red deer antler as their primary digging tool. Gray recorded the base of the ditch as being flat and 4 m wide although some later archaeologists have questioned his use of untrained labour to excavate the ditch and suggested that its form may have been different. Gray found few
artefacts in the ditch fill but did recover scattered human bones, jawbones being particularly well represented. At a depth of about 2 m, Gray encountered a complete skeleton of a woman only 1.5 m tall who had been buried there.
Keiller excavated beneath the stones he righted and dug further during the programme of beautification he forced onto the villagers after buying the site in 1934. When a new village school was built in 1969 there was also limited further opportunity to examine the site and an excavation to produce carbon dating material and environmental data was undertaken in 1982.
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The postulated original layout of the circles |
A great deal of interest has surrounded the stones at the monument which are often described as being in one of two categories; either being tall and slender or short and squat. This has led to numerous theories relating to the importance of gender in
Neolithic Britain with the taller stones being considered 'male' and the shorter ones 'female'. The stones were not dressed in any way and may have been chosen for their pleasing natural forms. Numerous people have identified what they claim are carvings on the stones' surfaces, some carvings being more persuasive than others.
The human bones found by Gray point to some form of funerary purpose and have parallels in the disarticulated human bone often found at earlier
causewayed enclosure sites. Ancestor worship, although on a huge scale, could have been one of the purposes of the monument and would not be mutually exclusive with any male/female
ritual role.
The henge, although clearly forming an imposing boundary to the circle, has no defensive purpose as the ditch is on the inside. Being a henge and stone circle site, astronomical alignments are a common theory to explain the positioning of the stones at Avebury. It has been suggested (reference needed) that the bank of the henge provides a uniform horizon by which to observe the rising and setting of various heavenly bodies. Additionally, less well evidenced theories relating to aliens,
ley lines,
crop circles and the
lost wisdom of the ancients have been suggested. Michael Dames (see
References) put forward a composite theory of seasonal rituals, in an attempt to explain the henge and its associated sites (
West Kennet Long Barrow,
Silbury Hill,
The Sanctuary and
Windmill Hill).
As with
Stonehenge, the lack of modern excavation work and reliable scientific dating make studying and explaining the monument difficult.
The small village of
Avebury, complete with
public house, is enclosed within the
monument. Two local
roads intersect within the monument, and visitors can walk on the earthworks.
The two stone avenues (
Kennet Avenue and
Beckhampton Avenue) that meet at Avebury define two sides of triangle that is designated a
World Heritage site and which includes
The Sanctuary,
Windmill Hill,
Silbury Hill and the
West Kennet Long Barrow.
Avebury is seen as a spiritual centre by many who profess alternative religions such as
Paganism,
Wicca,
Druidry and
Heathenry, and indeed for some it is regarded more highly than
Stonehenge. The pagan festivals all attract visitors, and the summer solstice especially draws increasingly large crowds from the religious to the idly curious.
As with Stonehenge, though, access regarding both interpretation and physical presence is contested. While Avebury henge and circles are 'open' to all, access has been controlled through closure of the car park. Pressure of numbers on this circle is an issue begging resolution, and various attempts at negotiation are underway. Avebury is increasingly important for tourism today, and how visitors relate to Avebury is part of the study of the Sacred Sites, Contested Rites/Rights project (http://www.sacredsites.org.uk).
The
National Trust, who own and protect the site are also actively in dialogue with the
Pagan community, who use the site as a religious temple or place of worship. This dialogue takes place through the National Trust's
Avebury Sacred Sites Forum. The project has a charter and guidelines for visitors, which helps to foster understanding between the Pagan community and the general public visiting the site.
The area was used in
Children of the Stones (
1976), a British television drama produced for children.
The stones were seen in a key moment in the
1998 comedy
Still Crazy, starring
Billy Connolly,
Stephen Rea,
Jimmy Nail,
Timothy Spall and
Bill Nighy. The film also features a scene inside the Red Lion at Avebury.
*
Photographs of Avebury* Vatcher, Faith de M & Vatcher, Lance 1976
The Avebury Monuments - Department of the Environment HMSO
* Dames, Michael 1977
The Avebury Cycle Thames & Hudson Ltd, London
* Dames, Michael 1976
The Silbury Treasure Thames & Hudson Ltd, London
* Francis, Evelyn 2001
Avebury Wooden Books
*
Avebury information at the National Trust*
Avebury Pagan Events Calendar*
Further information and over 100 images of the stones at the Modern Antiquarian site.* Some buried megaliths have recently been found near the circle. Reports at:
The Independent,
Ananova,
BBC News*
100-Ton Stone Astounds Academics (BBC News report)
*
The text and images of William Stukeley's survey*
In-depth information about the Avebury complex*
Avebury-Megalithos
