British sitcom

A British sitcom is a situation comedy (sitcom) produced in Great Britain. Like sitcoms in most other countries, they tend to be based around a family, workplace or other institution where a group of contrasting characters can be brought together. A common factor is the exploration of social mores, often with a healthy dollop of satire or bathos, in contrast to the sometimes uplifting sentiments of many American sitcoms. British comedies are typically produced in series of six episodes each. More recently, the portmanteau term "Britcom" has been used by American commentators to distinguish the British idiom of situation comedy from its other (particularly American) counterparts.

Characteristics

Unlike American sitcoms, which employ teams of writers and attempt to include as many jokes per episode as possible, the traditional British situation comedy is produced by just one or two writers, and the gags are fewer (sometimes with a lengthy build-up). Although it may be argued that a sitcom's raison d'être is to pack as many jokes as possible into a half hour, the more measured approach engendered by a single writer or a close writing partnership permits greater control over the programme's direction and a more structured approach to character and plot development. A need for rapid-fire jokes can make the establishment of multi-dimensional characters much harder. The British approach therefore gives greater freedom to individual writers and more opportunities for character development. Individual writers who have made a significant contribution to the genre include John Sullivan, Johnny Speight, Roy Clarke, David Croft, Ben Elton, Jimmy Perry and Richard Curtis, while the most notable writing partnerships include Ray Galton & Alan Simpson, Dick Clement & Ian La Frenais and John Esmonde & Bob Larbey.

It is often the everyday wit and wordplay traditionally attributed to pubs, shop floors and staff rooms up and down the country that provides much of the comedy in many British sitcoms. The most sedately written series repudiate structured jokes altogether and attempt to reproduce an everyday environment with the intention of also reproducing its comedy. The forerunner of this style is probably Hancock's Half Hour on TV and radio in the 1950s. More recent examples of this hyperreal approach include The Royle Family and The Office as well as many British comedy-dramas. Their reliance on character-led, rather than plot-led, humour requires strongly defined characters with whom the audience can identify.

With fewer writers in a project, more unusual and complex fantasy worlds can be created. A significant subset of British comedy therefore consciously avoids traditional situation comedy themes and story lines to branch out into more unusual topics or narrative methods. Such freedom and experimentation is one of the benefits of the British approach and has produced such series as The League of Gentlemen, Marion and Geoff, 15 Storeys High and Green Wing.

Farce is also a common theme in British sitcoms, exemplified by Fawlty Towers and 'Allo 'Allo!. The Restoration comedy tradition of bawdiness and innuendo has also been well served through series such as Are You Being Served? and Up Pompeii.

Novel approaches to comedy such as those taken by Blackadder and Yes, Minister have challenged the idea of what constitutes a sitcom and have also injected variety into the mainstream. A popular development in recent years has been spoof television series, as in KYTV, The Day Today, People Like Us and The Office.

It could be argued that another key theme in a large amount of British sitcoms is entrapment. Characters as diverse as Basil Fawlty, Edmund Blackadder, Captain Mainwaring and numerous others are trapped in their varying situations and seem to have some inner longing to escape from them. Victor Meldrew is plagued by the banalities of his life, David Brent is stuck in a pointless job (which he nevertheless tries to enjoy), and Rodney and Delboy in Only Fools And Horses are continuously trying to strike it rich (see information on each series for further details).

History

The first true British sitcom was Pinwright's Progress, broadcast by the BBC from 1946 to 1947, but the form didn't really take off until the transfer of Hancock's Half Hour from BBC radio in the 1950s. The series remains the most successful and fondly remembered early sitcom, and was successful enough to run simultaneously on BBC Radio and television throughout the late 1950s. It was renowned for its ability to evacuate pubs and streets as listeners stayed at home to tune in to Hancock's latest misadventures. Hancock's Half Hour, with its emphasis on character and believable situations, was probably the most influential of all British sitcoms. In the 1960s its creators, Ray Galton and Alan Simpson, would go on to write the almost equally popular Steptoe and Son, about a man's fractious relationship with his elderly father. The series was the first to cast established actors in the leading roles, instead of comedians.

In the same decade Johnny Speight's Till Death Us Do Part often caused a stir at the dinner table, inciting debate on political issues — particularly those surrounding immigration. Meanwhile, Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais created their series The Likely Lads. Clement and La Frenais would be among the most successful sitcom writing partnerships in Britain. Their later successes included Porridge and Auf Wiedersehen Pet.

The 1960s also saw the creation of Dad's Army, (BBC), The Liver Birds, (BBC) and On The Buses, (ITV).

The 1970s introduced several successful British sitcoms, including John Cleese and Connie Booth's farcical Fawlty Towers, John Esmonde and Bob Larbey's self-sufficiency comedy The Good Life, and Roy Clarke's Open All Hours and the long-running Last of the Summer Wine.

The commercial station ITV found success with Rising Damp, Man About the House, George and Mildred, and the now decidedly politically incorrect Love Thy Neighbour, based on the rivalry between a black man and his bigoted white neighbour. Mind Your Language spent each episode making fun of other nationalities and was dismissed by some critics as crude caricature, although it also sold surprisingly well abroad. ITV has had few successful sitcoms in recent years, with rare successes like Hardware appearing in off-peak time slots. Men Behaving Badly, one of the biggest successes of the 1990s, began life as an ITV series in 1992, before being cancelled and picked up by the BBC.

Since the 1960s, the Cambridge Footlights club, the London based Comic Strip club and the Edinburgh Festival have been the breeding grounds for much new talent in British comedy. The new wave of 1980s comedians produced The Young Ones, an anarchic, knockabout romp and, co-written by the same writer, the more sophisticated historical satire Blackadder.

Traditional sitcoms continued to prosper in the 1980s, however, particularly with John Sullivan's Only Fools and Horses which has dominated the British sitcom scene ever since its first episode in 1981. The series was voted "Britain's Best Sitcom" in the 2004 BBC poll of the same name. The 1980s also saw the unlikely success of the political satire Yes Minister and its sequel Yes Prime Minister. Other hits included Esmonde and Larbey's suburban sitcom Ever Decreasing Circles, and the sci-fi/comedy hybrid Red Dwarf.

The unlikely story of three priests — one vain, one simple, one comatose — gave the 1990s one of its biggest hits in Father Ted. Shows such as Birds of a Feather and The Vicar of Dibley also maintained the popularity of the traditional sitcom, and One Foot in the Grave brought black comedy and suburban angst into the mainstream.

More unorthodox comedies, including The Royle Family, People Like Us and The League of Gentlemen, managed to breathe new life into the genre while appealing both to "mainstream" audiences and a new generation of viewers. Many of these more innovative series started life on BBC radio, building up a cult following before being remade for television. Other series that began in this way include The Mighty Boosh and The Day Today, the latter originally on radio as On the Hour.

The BBC has also begun using its digital channels BBC Three and BBC Four to build a following for off-beat series like The Thick of It. Many of these series have dispensed with the studio audience and canned laughter tracks altogether, in the manner of The Royle Family and The Office. The commercial station Channel 4 has also actively encouraged new writers to produce interesting work. Some of its recent successes include Father Ted, Spaced, Phoenix Nights, Black Books and Green Wing.

Many of the most critically acclaimed sitcoms of recent years have appeared on BBC2 and Channel 4, rather than on the more popular BBC1 and ITV channels. ITV has had very few successful situation comedies since the 1980s, while the only notable success for BBC1 in the last few years is the critically-derided My Family.

See also British comedy

British sitcoms overseas

United States

In the United States, British sitcoms are rarely seen on the commercial networks, but are often seen on the Public Broadcasting Service and increasingly on cable television, including BBC America and Comedy Central. Absolutely Fabulous enjoyed a significant following when it aired on Comedy Central in the 1990s, and The Office won a Golden Globe award in 2004 for "Best Television Series — Musical or Comedy", beating popular American favourites such as HBO's Sex and the City and NBC's Will & Grace.

A few British sitcoms were successfully reworked for U.S. audiences. Three notable examples are Steptoe and Son which became Sanford and Son, Man About the House, which became Three's Company on ABC, and Till Death Us Do Part, which became All in the Family on CBS. Other series were not as lucky. Beanes of Boston, an Americanised version of Are You Being Served?, was not picked up in 1979, and remakes of Porridge, Red Dwarf, Fawlty Towers and Dad's Army have all failed to get beyond a pilot episode. In 2003, the U.S. version of Coupling, a series often compared to Friends, was cancelled shortly after premiering on NBC, but the network's American version of The Office, which debuted in 2005 and features Steve Carell in the lead, has thus far fared better.

Some British series have themselves been based on American examples, including The Upper Hand (a remake of Who's the Boss), and Brighton Belles, an unsuccessful Anglicised version of The Golden Girls. More recently, My Family used a team of writers to mimic American-style sitcoms.

Australia

Although many British comedies were shown on the three commercial TV networks in Australia in the 1970s and early 80s (e.g. On the Buses, Mind Your Language, Doctor in the House, The Upchat Line, The Upchat Connection, Haggard, Get Some In!, Sink or Swim, My Wife Next Door, The Piglet Files, 'Allo 'Allo, and Me and My Girl) the channels stopped showing them by the late 1980s. One issue was the difficulty of fitting a half-hour BBC sitcom (without adverts) into a 25-minute Australian TV slot with advertising breaks.

Australian commercial television channels made their own versions of popular British comedies during the 1970s, which featured major stars of the various series having come to Australia for some reason (within the series' storylines). Australian versions of British series, complete with their original British stars, included: Are You Being Served (with John Inman as "Mr. Humphries"), Father, Dear Father (with Patrick Cargill as "Patrick Glover", and Noël Dyson as "Nanny"), Doctor in the House (with Robin Nedwell as "Dr. Duncan Waring", and Geoffrey Davies as "Dr. Dick Stuart Clark"), Love Thy Neighbour (with Jack Smethurst as "Eddie Booth"), and Up the Convicts (with Frankie Howerd in a Lurcio-style persona).

British programs (including sitcoms) have long been standard fare on the other major channel, ABC. The large majority of major BBC sitcoms aired in Australia have been shown on the ABC, with some of the British sitcoms having been re-aired many times. The station lacks ad breaks, being funded by the Australian Federal Government. With the national sense of humour often akin to the British one, tending to be dry, deadpan, ironic or sarcastic, British sitcoms are popular in Australia, and the major ones are widely available in public libraries and video and DVD shops. British sitcoms shown on the ABC include: Dad's Army, The Goodies, The Office, Absolutely Fabulous, Blackadder, Mr. Bean, Fawlty Towers, Yes, Minister and Yes, Prime Minister, To the Manor Born, Porridge and Going Straight, The Good Life, Open All Hours, Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em, One Foot in the Grave, Red Dwarf, A Fine Romance, Bless This House, Butterflies, Goodnight Sweetheart, Only Fools and Horses, Chelmsford 123, Yes, Honestly, Fresh Fields and French Fields, May to December, Chance in a Million, Keep it in the Family, Man About the House, Robin's Nest and George and Mildred, You Must be the Husband, Home James, Don't Wait Up, Never the Twain, It Ain't Half Hot Mum, Last of the Summer Wine, Keeping Up Appearances, As Time Goes By, Birds of a Feather, Black Books, Gimme Gimme Gimme, My Family, My Hero, Brush Strokes, Men Behaving Badly, The Vicar of Dibley, The Young Ones, and Coupling.

Canada

Since the days of Benny Hill and Fawlty Towers, British series have always fared well and have developed cult status with many Canadians. The sense of humour is somewhat similar and transfers well with Canadians. What may be deemed "too much" for US TV goes down a storm in Canada. Similar to Australian TV, Canadian TV's 30 minute programming format is actually more like 20 minutes with 10 minutes of adverts; thus, many British series have to be edited to fit the format.

Some popular British sitcoms

A selection of the hundreds of British situation comedies that have been made:
* Absolutely Fabulous 1992 - 2003
* Absolute Power 2003 -
* All Gas and Gaiters 1966-1971
* 'Allo 'Allo! 1982 - 1992
* And Mother Makes Three 1974 - 1976
* Are You Being Served? 1972 - 1985
* The Army Game 1957 - 1961
* As Time Goes By 1992 - 2002
* Barbara 1995 - 2003
* Birds of a Feather 1989 - 1998
* Blackadder 1983 - 1989, 1999
* Black Books 2000 - 2004
* Bless This House 1971 - 1976
* Bottom 1991 - 1995
* Bread 1986 - 1991
* The Brittas Empire 1991 - 1997
* Brush Strokes 1986 - 1991
* Butterflies 1978 - 1983
* Chef! 1993 - 1996
* Citizen Smith 1977 - 1980
* Conjugal Rites 1993 - 1994
* Coupling 2000-2004
* Dad's Army 1968 - 1977
* Dinnerladies 1998 - 2000
* Drop The Dead Donkey 1990 - 1998
* Ever Decreasing Circles 1984 - 1987
* Executive Stress 1986 - 1988
* The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin 1976 - 1979 and 1996
* Father Ted (although the characters and settings were Irish) 1995 - 1998
* Fawlty Towers 1975, 1979
* Fresh Fields 1984 - 1986 and then as French Fields in 1989
* Gimme Gimme Gimme 1999 - 2001
* The Good Life 1975 - 1977
* The Goodies 1970-1982
* Goodnight Sweetheart 1993 - 1999
* Grace and Favour (in the U.S., Are You Being Served? Again!) 1992 - 1993
* Green Wing 2004 - present
* Hancock's Half Hour 1956 - 1961
* Hi-De-Hi! 1980 - 1988
* It Ain't Half Hot Mum 1974 - 1981
* I'm Alan Partridge 1997, 2002
* Just Good Friends 1983 - 1986
* Kiss Me Kate 1998 - 2000
* Keeping Up Appearances 1990 - 1995
* Last of the Summer Wine 1973 - present
* The League of Gentlemen 1999 - 2002
* The Likely Lads 1964 - 1966
* Man About the House 1973 - 1976
* Marriage Lines 1963 - 1966
* Men Behaving Badly 1992 - 1998
* Mr. Bean 1990 - 1995
* My Family 2000 - present
* My Hero 2000 - present
* Never the Twain 1981 - 1991
* The Office 2001 - 2003
* On the Buses 1969 - 1974
* One Foot in the Grave 1990 - 2000
* Only Fools and Horses 1981 - 1996, 2001 - 2003
* Only When I Laugh 1979 - 1982
* Open All Hours 1976, 1981, 1982, 1985
* Peter Kay's Phoenix Nights 2001 - 2002
* Porridge 1974 - 1977
* Rab C Nesbitt 1990 - 1999
* Red Dwarf 1988 - 1993, 1997 - 1999
* Rising Damp 1974 - 1978
* Robin's Nest 1977 - 1981
* The Royle Family 1998 - 2000, 2006 -
* The Smoking Room 2004 - present
* Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em 1973 - 1978
* Spaced 1999, 2001
* Steptoe and Son 1962 - 1974
* Surgical Spirit 1989 - 1995
* Terry and June 1979 - 1987
* The Thin Blue Line 1995 - 1997
* Three Up, Two Down 1985 - 1989
* Till Death Us Do Part 1966 - 1975
* To The Manor Born 1979 - 1981
* 2point4 children 1991 - 1999
* Two's Company 1975 - 1979
* The Vicar of Dibley 1994, 1998 - 99, + specials
* Waiting for God (TV series) 1990 - 1994
* Yes, Minister and Yes, Prime Minister 1980 - 1988
* The Young Ones 1982, 1984

Whilst not sitcoms in the pure sense, people sometimes include TV comedy drama series as a sitcom when listing their favourites. By way of example, some popular comedy drama series are:
* Auf Wiedersehen, Pet 1983 - 1986, 2002 - 2004
* The Irish R.M.
* Jeeves and Wooster
* Minder

External links

Articles

* BBC Britain's Best Sitcom
* Martin Wainwright, The Guardian, June 7, 2005, "Del Boy is top of the class, say sitcom scientists" - scientist develops formula for measuring (British) sitcom success
*Kettering #1 — an article about 1970s films based on popular British television sitcoms (PDF)

Lists and guides

* BBC Guide to Comedy — web version of Mark Lewisohn's Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy
* British TV Resources (phill.co.uk)
* The British Sitcom Guide

Other

*A Britcom forum

British sitcom: Encyclopedia BETA

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