Bunad
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Men's bunad from Nord Gudbrandsdalen and women's bunad from Oppdal |
A
bunad is a traditional
Norwegian costume, typically of rural origin. Bunads are local to Norway's
traditional districts, and the result both of traditional evolution and organized efforts to discover and modernize traditional designs. The designs are typically elaborate, with
embroidery, scarves, shawls and hand-made
silver or
gold jewelry. There are bunads both for men and women, though women's bunads are more diverse and popular.
In Norway, it is common to wear bunad as a costume at various celebrations, especially the
May 17 National Day celebrations. In recent years, its use has reached far outside folk dancing, folk music, and particular holidays. Accepted as proper gala attire, it is increasingly common to see people, and especially women, dressed in bunad. The former Norwegian foreign minister,
Thorvald Stoltenberg, created history by presenting his accreditation to
Margrethe II of Denmark dressed in a bunad.
There is ongoing debate about the official status of various outfits, and what allowed varations are. In
1947 an official institution was organized to act in an advisory capacity on all questions dealing with bunads in Norway, the
Landsnemda for Bunadspørsmål. Due to ongoing discussions on the status of bunads, it is not possible to state accurately the number of different types of bunads in Norway, but most estimates place the number at around 200.
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Woman in a traditional bunad, 1892. |
The various bunads have been designed through different means. Some of them are based on old local customs, other models are reconstructions made in the 20th century, relying on local and historical material. The interest for bunads dates back to
Norwegian romantic nationalism and gained increasing interest with the folk dance movement at the beginning of the 20th century.
In some parts of the country folk costume tradition was alive as early as the 19th century. Bunads with such long traditions are to be found in the
Bergen area on the west coast, in
Setesdal in the south, in some districts of
Telemark,
Numedal,
Hallingdal,
Gudbrandsdal and at
Røros in eastern Norway.
Hulda Garborg (
1862-
1934) and
Klara Semb (
1884-
1970) are cited as pioneers in bringing bunad into mainstream culture. With Garborg's publication of the pamphlet
Norsk Klædebunad in
1903, the focus moved from the creation of a single national costume to the development of several regional bunads. Although bunads are based on traditions in various areas, these designs are embellished by additions such as embroidery. The overarching sense of bunad design is to preserve the way people dressed for festive occasions in one particular era. This has led local and national councils to impose official constraints on various details in the bunad, e.g., colors, fabric, embroidery, jewelry, cut, allowable headwear, etc.
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Traditional folk clothing of the 1880s from eastern Telemark. Clothing such as these became the basis for modern bunads. |
The bunad movement has been carried forward by enthusiasts all over the country and new bunad variations are frequently created and proposed for approval. Designers such as
Lise Skjåk Bræk have developed entire lines of costumes based on the bunad tradition.
In the field of folk costumes it is common to differentiate between bunad and folk costume. "Folk costume" being the local dress in previous times with all its variations and use. Bunads are used for festive occasions and today they date back to the folk costume tradition of the 19th century.
There is a continuing debate about the extent to which bunads must conform to the standards, or whether it is acceptable to vary or improvise based on general themes. Some groups (sometimes and derisively referred to as the "bunad police") argue that bunads must be sewn and worn according to strict standards, while others advocate a more creative, lenient approach. Whilst these differing groups show little sign of reaching consensus, both factions do agree that traditional under garments should be worn with the Bunad, these are commonly known as "frillies."
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Picture of bunadsImage:Braut ausBergen.jpg|Hardanger bunad with a bridal crown (brudekrone)Image:Hulda Garborg-bunad.jpg|Hulda Garborg (1862-1934) in bunadImage:Hulda Garborg.jpg|Hulda Garborg in another bunadImage:Gerhard Munthe-Budeia 1890 Hallingdal.jpg|From Hallingdal - painting by Gerhard Munthe 1890Image:Nils Bergslien-Frieriet.jpg|Frieriet by Nils Bergslien Image:Nils Bergslien-Kven er størst måtru.jpg|Kven er størst måttru by Nils BergslienImage:Faroe mini-sheet 1.jpg|Nordic bunad and folk dress on Faroe Islands stamps.
