Device driver
A
device driver, or a
software driver is a specific type of
computer software, typically developed to allow interaction with hardware devices. Typically this constitutes an
interface for communicating with the device, through the specific
computer bus or communications subsystem that the hardware is connected to, providing commands to and/or receiving data from the device, and on the other end, the requisite interfaces to the
operating system and
software applications. Often called a
driver for short, it is a specialized hardware dependent
computer program which is also operating system specific that enables another program, typically an
operating system or
applications software package or
computer program running under the operating system kernel, to
interact transparently with a
hardware device, and usually provides the requisite interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependent hardware interfacing needs.
The key design goal of device drivers is
abstraction. Every model of hardware (even within the same class of device) is different. Newer models also are released by manufacturers that provide more reliable or better performance and these newer models are often controlled differently.
Computers and their operating systems cannot be expected to know how to control every device, both now and in the future. To solve this problem, OSes essentially dictate how every type of device should be controlled. The function of the device driver is then to translate these OS mandated
function calls into device specific calls. In theory a new device, which is controlled in a new manner, should function correctly if a suitable driver is available. This new driver will ensure that the device appears to operate as usual from the operating systems' point of view.
Depending on the specific computer architecture, drivers can be
8-bit,
16-bit,
32-bit, and more recently,
64-bit. This corresponds directly to the architecture of the
operating system for which those drivers were developed. For example, in 16-bit Windows 3.11, most drivers were 16-bits, while most drivers for 32-bit Windows XP are 32-bit. More recently, specific 64-bit
Linux and Windows versions have required hardware vendors to provide newer 64-bit drivers for their devices.
Writing a device driver is considered a challenge in most cases, as it requires an in-depth understanding of how a given
platform functions, both at the hardware and the software level. Because many device drivers execute in
kernel mode, software bugs often have much more damaging effects to the system. This is in contrast to most types of user-level software running under modern
operating systems, which can be stopped without greatly affecting the rest of the system. Even drivers executing in
user mode can crash a system if the device being controlled is erroneously programmed. These factors make it more difficult and dangerous to diagnose problems.
All of this means that the
engineers most likely to write device drivers come from the companies that develop the hardware. This is because they have more complete access to information about the design of their hardware than most outsiders. Moreover, it was traditionally considered in the hardware
manufacturer's interest to guarantee that their clients would be able to use their hardware in an optimum way. However, in recent years non-vendors too have written numerous device drivers, mainly for use under
free operating systems. In such cases, co-operation on behalf of the vendor is still important, however, as
reverse engineering is much more difficult with hardware than it is with software, meaning it may take a long time to learn to operate hardware that has an unknown interface.
In Windows, Microsoft is attempting to address the issues of system instability by poorly written device drivers by creating a new framework for driver development known as Windows Driver Foundation (
WDF). This includes UMDF
User Mode Driver Framework that encourages development of certain types of drivers - primarily those that implement a message-based protocol for communicating with their devices - as user mode drivers. If such drivers malfunction they will not cause system instability. The KMDF
Kernel Mode Driver Framework model continues to allow development of kernel-mode device drivers, but attempts to provide standard implementations of functions that are well known to cause problems, including cancellation of I/O operations, power management, and plug and play device support.
Because of the diversity of modern
hardware and operating systems, many ways exist in which drivers can be used. Drivers are used for
interfacing with:
*
Printers
*
Video adapters
*
Network cards
*
Sound cards
* Local
buses of various sorts - in particular, for
bus mastering on modern systems
* Low-
bandwidth I/O buses of various sorts (for
pointing devices such as
mice,
keyboards,
USB, etc.)
*
computer storage devices such as
hard disk,
CD-ROM and
floppy disk buses (
ATA,
SATA,
SCSI)
* Implementing support for different
file systems
* Implementing support for
image scanners and
digital cameras
Common levels of abstraction for device drivers are:
* On the hardware side:
** Interfacing directly
** Using some higher-level interface (e.g. Video
BIOS)
** Using another lower-level device driver (e.g. file system drivers using disk drivers)
** Simulating work with hardware, while doing something entirely different
* On the software side:
** Allowing the operating system direct access to hardware resources
** Implementing only
primitives
** Implementing an interface for non-driver software (e.g.
TWAIN)
** Implementing a language, sometimes quite high-level, e.g.
PostScriptChoosing and installing the correct device drivers for given hardware is often a key component of computer system configuration.
A particular variant of device drivers are
virtual device drivers. They are used in virtualization environments, for example when an
MS-DOS program is run on a
Microsoft Windows computer or when a guest
operating system is run inside e.g.
VMware. Instead of enabling the guest operating system to dialog with hardware, virtual device drivers take the opposite role and emulate a piece of hardware, so that the guest operating system and its drivers running inside a
virtual machine can have the illusion of accessing real hardware. Attempts by the guest operating system to access the hardware are routed to the virtual device driver in the host operating system as e.g.
function calls. The virtual device driver can also send simulated processor-level events like
interrupts into the virtual machine.
* Printers:
CUPS.
* Scanners:
SANE.
*
Class driver*
Open hardware*
Register*
Interrupt*
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