Dow Jones Industrial Average
The
Dow Jones Industrial Average () is one of several
stock market indices created by
Wall Street Journal editor and
Dow Jones & Company founder
Charles Dow. Dow compiled the index as a way to gauge the performance of the industrial component of America's
stock markets. It is the oldest continuing U.S. market index.
Today, the average consists of 30 of the largest and most widely held public companies in the
United States. The "industrial" portion of the name is largely historicalâ€"many of the 30 modern components have little to do with heavy industry. To compensate for the effects of
stock splits and other adjustments, it is currently a
weighted average, not the actual
average of the prices of its component stocks.
First published on
May 26,
1896, the DJIA represented the average of twelve stocks from various important American industries. Of those original twelve, only
General Electric remains part of the average. The other eleven were:
*
American Cotton Oil Company, a predecessor of
Bestfoods, now part of
Unilever*
American Sugar Company, now
Amstar Holdings*
American Tobacco Company, broken up in
1911*
Chicago Gas Company, bought by Peoples Gas Light & Coke Co. in
1897 (now
Peoples Energy Corporation)
*
Distilling & Cattle Feeding Company, now
Millennium Chemicals*
Laclede Gas Light Company, still in operation as
The Laclede Group*
National Lead Company, now
NL Industries*
North American Company, (Edison) electric company broken up in the
1950s*
Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company, bought by
U.S. Steel in
1907*
U.S. Leather Company, dissolved
1952*
United States Rubber Company, changed its name to Uniroyal in
1967, bought by
Michelin in
1990When it was first published, the index stood at 40.94. It was computed as a direct average, by first adding up stock prices of its components and dividing by the number of stocks. In
1916, the number of stocks in the DJIA was increased to twenty, and finally to thirty in
1928. On
November 14,
1972 the average closed above 1,000 (1,003.16) for the first time.
The
1980s and especially the
1990s saw a very rapid increase in the average. On
November 21,
1995 it closed above 5,000 (5,023.55) for the first time and on
March 29,
1999 the average closed at 10,006.78 which was the first time the index closed above the 10,000 mark. Just over a month later on
May 3,
1999, it closed at 11,014.70, its first close above 11,000. The average closed at an all-time peak of 11,722.98 on
January 14,
2000. By mid-
2002 however, it had returned to its
1998 level of 8000. On
October 9,
2002, the DJIA bottomed out at 7286.27 (intra-day low 7197.49), its lowest close since October 1997. By the end of
2003, however, the Dow returned to the 10,000 level. On
January 9,
2006 the average broke the 11,000 barrier for the first time since June 2000, closing at 11,011.90. (See
Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.)
The largest one-day percentage drop in the history of Dow Jones was on
December 12,
1914, 24.39%. The largest one-day percentage drop in the last 50 years occurred on "
Black Monday" in
1987 when the average fell 22.6%. The largest one-day point drop occurred on
September 17,
2001, the first day of trading after the
September 11, 2001 attacks, when the Dow fell 684.81 points or 7.1%. By the end of the week of September 17th, the Dow had fallen 1369.70 points, or 14.3%.
Some people criticize the DJIA because it is a
price-weighted average, which gives relatively higher-priced stocks more influence over the average than their lower-priced counterparts. This can produce misleading results, as a $1 increase in a lower-priced stock can be negated by a $1 decrease in a much higher-priced stock, even though the first stock experienced a larger percentage change. Additionally, the inclusion of only 30 stocks in the average has brought on additional criticism of the average, as the DJIA is widely used as an indicator of overall market performance.
Many critics of the DJIA recommend the
S&P 500 index or the
NASDAQ as better indicators of the wider economy.
Another issue with the Dow is that not all 30 components open at the same time in the morning. Only a few components open at the start and the posted opening price of the Dow is determined by the price of those few components that open first and the previous day's closing price of the remaining components that haven't opened yet; therefore, the posted opening price on the Dow will always be close to the previous day's closing price (which can be observed by looking at Dow price history) and will never accurately reflect the true opening prices of all its components. Furthermore, in terms of candlestick charting theory, the Dow's posted opening price cannot be used in determining the condition of the market.
On
3 August,
2006, the Dow Jones Industrial average closed at 11,242.59
42.66 points.
The individual components of the DJIA are occasionally changed as market conditions warrant. They are selected by the editors of
The Wall Street Journal. When companies are replaced, the individual weightings are adjusted so that the value of the average is not directly affected by the change.
On
November 1,
1999,
Chevron,
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company,
Sears Roebuck, and
Union Carbide were removed from the DJIA and replaced by
Intel,
Microsoft,
Home Depot, and
SBC Communications. Intel and Microsoft became the first two companies traded on the
NASDAQ exchange to be listed in the DJIA. On
April 8,
2004, another change occurred as
International Paper,
AT&T, and
Eastman Kodak were replaced with
Pfizer,
Verizon, and
AIG. On
December 1,
2005 AT&T's original
T symbol returned to the DJIA as a result of the
SBC Communications and
AT&T merger.
The Dow Jones Industrial Average consists of the following 30 companies:
*
3M Co. () (conglomerates, "manufacturing")
*
ALCOA Inc. () (
aluminum)
*
Altria Group, Inc. () (
tobacco, foods)
*
American International Group, Inc. () (property & casualty insurance)
*
American Express Co. () (credit services)
*
AT&T Inc. () (
telecoms)
*
Boeing Co., The () (aerospace/defense)
*
Caterpillar, Inc. () (farm & construction equipment)
*
Citigroup, Inc. () (
money center banks)
*
Coca-Cola Co. () (
beverages)
*
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. () (
chemicals)
*
Exxon Mobil Corp. () (major integrated oil & gas)
*
General Electric Co. () (conglomerates, media)
*
General Motors Corporation () (auto manufacturers)
*
Hewlett-Packard Co. () (diversified computer systems)
*
Home Depot, Inc. () (home improvement stores)
*
Honeywell International, Inc. () (conglomerates)
*
Intel Corp. () (semiconductors)
* () (diversified computer systems)
*
JPMorgan Chase and Co. () (money center banks)
*
Johnson & Johnson Inc. () (consumer and health care products conglomerate)
*
McDonald's Corp. () (restaurant franchise)
*
Merck & Co., Inc. () (
drug manufacturers)
*
Microsoft Corp. () (
software)
*
Pfizer, Inc. () (
drug manufacturers)
*
Procter & Gamble Co. () (consumer goods)
*
United Technologies Corp. () (conglomerates)
*
Verizon Communications () (telecoms)
*
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. () (discount, variety stores)
*
Walt Disney Co., The () (entertainment)
Weightings
The exact weightings for each component are published daily [
1] by Dow Jones.
Apart from investing in the individual stocks in the Dow Jones, there also is the option to invest in an
exchange-traded fund (ETF) which represents ownership in a portfolio of the equity securities that comprise the DJIA. This ETF is called the Diamonds, and the ticker symbol is
AMEX:DIA. The units of this ETF, therefore, represent an opportunity for the investor to achieve the same performance of the DJIA (minus fund expenses) and trade like any other stock on the Amex Exchange, so they can be bought on margin, sold short or held for the long term.
*
Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average*
DAX*
Dow Theory*
Dowism*
FTSE 100 Index*
List of U.S. ticker symbols*
NASDAQ*
New York Stock Exchange*
Dow Jones*
Yahoo! Finance page for ^DJI*
Dow Jones & Company Website*
History of Stock Market indexes*
The Dow Jones Industrial Average Celebrates 110 YearPerformance
*
Chart of DJIA performance (1928-present) - Linear scale
*
Chart of DJIA performance (1928-present) - Logarithmic scale
*
Fred's Intelligent Bear Site**
Fred's Intelligent Bear Site - Inflation-Adjusted DJIA*
the compelling Real DJIA, 1924-now*
the 3 Fed Chair warnings, Real DJIA
