F. Scott Fitzgerald
"Scott Fitzgerald" redirects here. For the footballer, see Scott P. FitzgeraldFrancis Scott Key Fitzgerald (
September 24,
1896 –
December 21,
1940) was an
Irish American Jazz Age novelist and
short story writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the
twentieth century. Fitzgerald was the self-styled spokesman of the "
Lost Generation", Americans born in the
1890s who came of age during
World War I. He finished four novels, left a fifth unfinished, and wrote dozens of short stories that treat themes of youth, despair, and age.
Born in
St. Paul,
Minnesota to an upper-middle class
Roman Catholic family, Fitzgerald was named for his distant and famous relative
Francis Scott Key, but was commonly known as 'Scott'. He spent 1898 – 1901 and 1903 – 1908 in
Buffalo,
New York, where his father worked for
Procter & Gamble. When Fitzgerald, Sr., was fired, the family moved back to Minnesota, where Fitzgerald attended
St. Paul Academy and Summit School in St. Paul from 1908 – 1911. He then attended Newman School, a prep school in Hackensack, New Jersey, in 1911 – 1912. He entered
Princeton University in 1913 as a member of the Class of 1917 and became friends with the future critics and writers
Edmund Wilson (Class of 1916) and
John Peale Bishop (Class of 1917). Saddled with academic difficulties throughout his three-year career at the university, Fitzgerald dropped out in 1917 to enlist in the United States Army when America entered
World War I.
Fearing he might die in the war, and determined to leave a literary legacy, Fitzgerald wrote a novel titled
The Romantic Egotist while in officer training at
Camp Zachary Taylor and
Camp Sheridan. When Fitzgerald submitted the novel to the publisher
Charles Scribner's Sons, the editor praised Fitzgerald but ultimately declined to publish. The war ended shortly after Fitzgerald's enlistment, and he was discharged without ever having been shipped to Europe. He frequently mentioned how much he regretted not fighting in the war.
While at Camp Sheridan, Fitzgerald met
Zelda Sayre (1900 – 1948), the "top girl," in Fitzgerald's words, of
Montgomery,
Alabama youth society. The two were engaged in 1919, and Fitzgerald moved into an apartment at 200 Claremont Avenue in
New York City to try to lay a foundation for his life with Zelda. Working at an advertising firm and writing short stories, he was unable to convince Zelda that he would be able to support her, leading her to break off the engagement.
Fitzgerald returned to his parents' house in St. Paul to revise
The Romantic Egotist. Recast as
This Side of Paradise, it was accepted by
Scribner's in the fall of 1919, and Zelda and Scott resumed their engagement. The novel was published on
March 26,
1920, and became one of the most popular books of the year, defining the
flapper generation. The next week, Scott and Zelda were married in New York's
St. Patrick's Cathedral. Their daughter and only child,
Frances Scott "Scottie" Fitzgerald, was born on
October 26,
1921.
The 1920s proved the most influential decade of Fitzgerald's development. His second novel,
The Beautiful and Damned, published in 1922, demonstrates an evolution beyond the comparatively immature
This Side of Paradise.
The Great Gatsby, which many consider his masterpiece, was published in 1925. Fitzgerald made several excursions to Europe, notably
Paris and the
French Riviera, and became friends with many members of the American expatriate community in Paris, notably
Ernest Hemingway.
Hemingway prefaced his chapters concerning Fitzgerald in
A Moveable Feast with this: "His talent was as natural as the pattern that was made by the dust on a butterfly's wings. At one time he understood it no more than the butterfly did and he did not know when it was brushed or marred. Later he became conscious of his damaged wings and their construction and he learned to think and could not fly any more because the love of flight was gone and he could only remember when it had been effortless."
Fitzgerald drew largely upon his wife's intense personality in his writings, at times quoting direct segments of her personal diaries in his work. Zelda made mention of this in a 1922 mock review in the
New York Tribune, saying that "[i]t seems to me that on one page I recognized a portion of an old diary of mine which mysteriously disappeared shortly after my marriage, and also scraps of letters which, though considerably edited, sound to me vaguely familiar. In fact, Mr. Fitzgerald—I believe that is how he spells his name—seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home" (
Zelda Fitzgerald: The Collected Writings, 388).
Although Fitzgerald's passion lay in writing novels, they never sold well enough to support the opulent lifestyle that he and Zelda adopted as New York celebrities. To supplement his income, he turned to writing short stories for such magazines as the
Saturday Evening Post,
Collier's Magazine, and
Esquire magazine, and sold movie rights of his stories and novels to Hollywood studios. He was constantly in financial trouble and often required loans from his literary agent,
Harold Ober, and his editor at
Scribner's,
Maxwell Perkins.
Fitzgerald began working on his fourth novel during the late
1920s but was sidetracked by financial difficulties that necessitated his writing commercial short stories, and by the
schizophrenia that struck
Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald in 1930. Her emotional health remained fragile for the rest of her life. In 1932, she was hospitalized in Baltimore, Maryland. Scott rented the "La Paix" estate in the suburb of Towson to work on his latest book, the story of the rise and fall of Dick Diver, a promising young psychiatrist, and his wife Nicole, who is also one of his patients. It was published in 1934 as
Tender is the Night. [
1] Critics regard it as one of Fitzgerald's finest works.
Although he reportedly found movie work degrading, Fitzgerald was once again in dire financial straits, and spent the second half of the
1930s in
Hollywood, working on commercial short stories, scripts for
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (including some unfilmed work on
Gone With the Wind), and his fifth and final novel,
The Love of the Last Tycoon. Published posthumously as
The Last Tycoon, it was based on the life of film executive
Irving Thalberg. Scott and Zelda became estranged; she continued living in mental institutions on the east coast, while he lived with his lover
Sheilah Graham, a movie columnist, in
Hollywood. From 1939 until his death, Fitzgerald mocked himself as a Hollywood
hack through the character of Pat Hobby in a sequence of 17 short stories, later collected as "
The Pat Hobby Stories."
Fitzgerald had clearly been an
alcoholic since his college days, and he became notorious during the 1920s for his extraordinarily heavy drinking. This left him in poor health by the late 1930s. According to Zelda's biographer, Nancy Milford, Scott would also claim from time to time that he had contracted
tuberculosis, but she states plainly that this was usually a pretext to cover his drinking problems. However, Milford also reports that Fitzgerald biographer Arthur Mizener said that Scott did suffer a mild attack of tuberculosis in 1919, and in 1929 he had "what proved to be a tubercular hemorrhage". Given the extent of Scott's alcoholism, however, it is equally likely that the hemorrhage might have been caused by bleeding from
oesophageal varices -- enlarged veins in the oesophagus that result from advanced liver disease.
Fitzgerald suffered two heart attacks in late 1940. After the first, he was ordered by his doctor to avoid strenuous exertion and to obtain a first floor apartment, which he did by moving in with his lover, Sheilah Graham. On the night of
December 20,
1940, he had his second heart attack; the next day,
December 21, while awaiting a visit from his doctor, Fitzgerald collapsed while clutching the mantelpiece in Graham's apartment and died at the age of 44.
Among the attendants at a visitation held at a funeral home in Hollywood was
Dorothy Parker, who reportedly cried and murmured "the poor son of a bitch," a line from
Jay Gatsby's funeral in Fitzgerald's
The Great Gatsby. His remains were then shipped to Maryland, where his funeral was attended by very few people. Zelda died in a fire at the Highland mental institution in
Asheville, North Carolina, in 1948. The two were originally buried in
Rockville Union Cemetery, but with the permission and assistance of their only child, Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald Lanahan Smith, the Women's Club of Rockville had their bodies moved to the family plot in
Saint Mary's Cemetery, in
Rockville, Maryland.
Fitzgerald never completed
The Love of the Last Tycoon. His notes for the novel were edited by his friend
Edmund Wilson and published in 1941 as
The Last Tycoon. However, there is now critical agreement that Fitzgerald intended the title of the book to be
The Love of the Last Tycoon, as is reflected in a new 1994 edition of the book, edited by Fitzgerald scholar
Matthew Bruccoli of the
University of South Carolina.
Other works
The Princeton Tiger (Humor Magazine, 1917)
The Vegetable (play, 1923)
The Crack-Up (essays and stories, 1945)
Winter Dreams (Short Story)
Babylon Revisited (Short Story)
Bernice Bobs Her Hair (Short Story)
The Vegetable or From President to Postman (play)
* "'Perhaps I can guess the other one,' she said; and reaching up on her tiptoes she kissed him softly in the illustration."
* "Here was a new generation, a new generation dedicated more than the last to the fear of poverty and the worship of success, grown up to find all gods dead, all wars fought, all faiths to man shaken."
* "There seemed little doubt about what was going to happen. America was going on the greatest, gaudiest spree in history."
* "The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposing ideas in mind at the same time and still retain the ability to function."
* "I was the spark that lit up Flaming Youth,
Colleen Moore was the torch. What little things we are to have caused all that trouble."
* "There are all kinds of love in this world, but never the same love twice."
* "Show me a hero, and I will write you a tragedy."
* "Then I was drunk for many years, and then I died." --
The Crack-Up, self-referentialThe following quotations are from
The Great Gatsby:
* "Whenever you feel like criticizing any one, just remember that all the people in this world haven't had the advantages that you've had."
* "...as my father snobbishly suggested and I snobbishly repeat, a sense of the fundamental decencies is parcelled out unequally at birth."
* "Every one suspects himself of at least one of the cardinal virtues, and this is mine: I am one of the few honest people that I have ever known"
* "They are a rotten crowd," I shouted across the lawn. "You're worth the whole damn bunch put together."
* "Can't repeat the past?" he cried incredulously. "Why of course you can!"
* "The poor son of a bitch."
* "They were careless people, Tom and Daisyâ€"they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made . . . ."
* "Tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther... And one fine morningâ€"â€"â€" So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past."
The Following quotation is from the short story
Winter Dreams:
* "He wanted not association with glittering things and glittering people — he wanted the glittering things themselves."
The following quotation is from Fitzgerald's fifth and final novel,
The Love of the Last Tycoon:
* "Writers aren't people exactly. Or, if they're any good, they're a whole lot of people trying so hard to be one person."
Ernest Hemingway once said of F. Scott Fitzgerald::"His talent was as natural as the pattern that was made by the dust on a butterfly's wings"
Hemingway is responsible for a famous misquotation of Fitzgerald's. According to Hemingway, a conversation between him and Fitzgerald went:
Fitzgerald: The rich are different than you and me.:Hemingway: Yes, they have more money.
This never actually happened; it is a retelling of an actual encounter between Hemingway and
Mary Colum, which went as follows:
Hemingway: I am getting to know the rich.:Colum: I think you'll find the only difference between the rich and other people is that the rich have more money.
The full quotation is found in Fitzgerald's words in his short story "The Rich Boy" (1926), paragraph 3: "Let me tell you about the very rich. They are different from you and me. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft, where we are hard, cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is very difficult to understand."
*The standard biographies of Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald are Arthur Mizener's
The Far Side of Paradise (1951, 1965), and
Matthew Bruccoli's Some Sort of Epic Grandeur (1981). Bruccoli's account is more readable and more accurate. Fitzgerald's letters have also been published in various editions such as
Dear Scott, Dearest Zelda: The Love Letters of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald, ed. Jackson R. Bryer and Cathy W. Banks (2002);
Correspondence of F. Scott Fitzgerald, ed. Matthew Bruccoli and Margaret Duggan (1980), and
F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Matthew Bruccoli (1994).
*Zelda Fitzgerald published a novel,
Save Me the Waltz, in 1932.
*The film
Beloved Infidel (1959) portrays Fitzgerald (played by
Gregory Peck) during his final years as a Hollywood
scenarist. Another movie called
Last Call (2002) (
Jeremy Irons plays the role of F. Scott Fitzgerald) describes the relationship with
Frances Kroll during his last two years of life.
*
Free ebook of F. Scott Fitzgerald at
Project Gutenberg
