Fender Stratocaster
The
Stratocaster, often called the 'Strat', is a model of
electric guitar designed by
Leo Fender in the early 1950s, and manufactured continuously to the present. The Stratocaster has been used by many leading guitarists and on many historic recordings: Along with the
Gibson Les Paul and the Strat's older cousin, the
Fender Telecaster, it is one of the most enduring and common models of electric guitar in the world.
The Stratocaster has been widely copied, such that 'Stratocaster' or 'Strat' can also denote a type of guitar, by various manufacturers, showing the same general features as the original (see
strat copy). However, in many jurisdictions the word 'Stratocaster' is reserved for
Fender guitars.
The Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company (now known as
Fender Musical Instruments Corporation) developed the first commercial solid-body 'Spanish' (as opposed to '
Hawaiian,' or
lap steel) electric guitar in the
Telecaster, a simple design whose earliest models were offered under various names like Broadcaster or simply Esquire, beginning in 1950. Though the Telecaster and its variants were successful, many guitar players of the day insisted on using a
Bigsby unit, a fairly primitive spring-loaded
vibrato device with which players could bend notes up and down with their pick hand. Instead of adding a Bigsby, Fender decided to produce a new, more expensively-made ash or alder line of guitars with his own design of vibrato (see
tremolo arm for more on the evolution of such mechanisms). His decision was also influenced by guitarists
Rex Gallion and
Bill Carson, who requested a contoured body to temper the harsh edges of the slab-built Telecaster; the new ash body design was based on that of the 1951
Precision Bass.
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The headstock shape of the Stratocaster is actually copyrighted. |
The name, 'Stratocaster,' was intended to evoke images of newly emergent jet-aircraft technology (such as the
Boeing B-52 Stratofortress), and to express Fender's modernistic design philosophy. In designing the Stratocaster's body, a significant area of the back of the guitar, and the area where the strumming arm rests, were beveled to accommodate the player's chest and arm. The upper bouts featured two cutaways, for easier access to the higher frets. The new 'Custom Contour Body' and 'Synchronized Tremolo' bridge made the Stratocaster a revolutionary design. The guitar also featured more complex electronics than the Telecaster: three
single coil pickups, each with staggered magnetic poles; a three-way selector switch; one volume knob, and two tone controls. (A three single-coil pickup design was an innovation already in use by
Gibson in their ES-5 model since 1949. However, Fender's pickups were much more compact.)
Patents were applied for all these new designs, and production line Stratocasters reached the market in early 1954 for $249.50 (approximately $1,850 in 2006 dollars [
1]). The basic production model had a two-tone nitrocellulose 'sunburst' finish, an all-maple neck, ash body (1956-later alder), chrome hardware, and
Bakelite-like thermoplastic parts. Other manufacturers began imitating these innovations immediately.
An early-model Stratocaster, along with his black-rimmed glasses, was a key component of
Buddy Holly's signature look, and he was among the first players to popularize the Stratocaster in rock music. Both his gravestone and his walk-of-fame statue in
Lubbock, Texas feature his Stratocaster.
Much of the popularity of the Stratocaster can be attributed to its versatility. The neck, middle, and bridge (in the original manual, labelled "rhythm", "normal tone", and "lead", respectively) pickups provide a wide range of tones. The standard single-coil pickups often found in Stratocasters produce a trebly sound with a high top end and bell-like harmonics. The Stratocaster has been used for a variety of purposes, from the classic "Fender twang" to the slicing solos of
Jimi Hendrix and
Eric Clapton to the fat, crunching tones in
Ritchie Blackmore's "
Smoke on the Water".
The
Fender synchronized tremolo tremolo arm mechanism, introduced with the Stratocaster, has become the most copied design of all, eclipsing all other designs including the later
floating bridge designs by Leo Fender himself.
The Telecaster also remained in production, and both the Stratocaster and the Telecaster flourished into diverse families of guitars, with many variants. Each continues to enjoy its own following among guitarists.
In 1959-1967, the Stratocaster was refitted with a rosewood fretboard, as well as color choices other than sunburst, including a variety of colorful car-like paint jobs that appealed to the nascent surfer and hot-rod culture, pioneered by such bands as
the Ventures and the
Beach Boys.
Dick Dale, the godfather of surf-rock, was a prominent Stratocaster player who also collaborated with Leo Fender in developing the Fender Showman amplifier. In the early 60's, the instrument was also championed by
Hank Marvin - guitarist of
the Shadows, a band which originally backed
Cliff Richard and then produced instrumentals of its own. So distinctive was the
Hank Marvin sound that many musicians - including the
Beatles - initially deliberately avoided the Stratocaster and chose other marques. However, by 1965,
George Harrison and
John Lennon of the Beatles both acquired Stratocasters at about the time of the
Rubber Soul recording sessions. It was
Jimi Hendrix who widely popularized its use once again in the late 1960s.
The one-piece maple neck was discontinued in 1959. However, a maple neck with a glued-on maple fretboard was offered as an option in 1967. The rosewood fretboard over maple neck remained as the other neck option. In 1969, after a ten year absence, the one-piece maple neck was made available as an option.
Many artists (including Eric Clapton, Jimi Hendrix, and Mark Knopfler) discovered that the pickup selector could be lodged in between the basic three settings for further tonal variety. Since 1977, Stratocasters have been fitted with a five-way switch to make such switching more stable. Other, often subtle changes were made to the guitars over the years, but the basic shape and features of the Strat have remained unchanged. In the 1980's some popular guitarists began modifying their Stratocasters with a humbucker pickup in the bridge position. This was intended to provide a thicker tone preferred in heavier styles of music. The popularity of this modification grew and ultimately Fender began releasing factory built models with a bridge humbucker option.
Players first perceived a loss of the initial high quality of Fender guitars after the company was taken over by CBS in 1965. So-called 'pre-CBS' Stratocasters are, accordingly, extremely sought-after and expensive. In recent times, some 1954 to 1958 Stratocasters have sold for more than $75,000. Many now reside in Japan, cached away as collectable pieces of Americana.
The Stratocaster fell out of fashion in the mid-sixties, to the point where the Fender company (owned by CBS) reduced its price and considered removing it from their production line completely. However,
Jimi Hendrix and many other blues-influenced artists of the late '60s soon adopted the Stratocaster as their main instrument, reviving the guitar's popularity. Both
George Harrison and
Eric Clapton used Stratocasters in the 1971
Concert For Bangladesh, giving the Strat additional high visibilty in rock circles.
After a peak in the
1970s, driven by players such as
David Gilmour of
Pink Floyd, Eric Clapton, and
Mark Knopfler of
Dire Straits, another lull occurred in the early '80s. During that time, CBS-Fender cut costs by deleting features from the standard Stratocaster line, despite a blues revival that featured Strat players such as
Stevie Ray Vaughan,
Robert Cray, and
Buddy Guy (a Strat player since the mid-1960s, sometimes credited with influencing Jimi Hendrix, Eric Clapton, and Stevie Ray Vaughan in their choice of the Stratocaster as a primary blues-rock guitar). However, this lull abated once the company became independent of CBS, and a rise in mainstream popularity for vintage (and vintage-style) instruments resulted.
Fender now offers an extensive line of vintage Stratocaster reissues and more modern variants (with the same basic shape and features)—built in California, Mexico, Japan, and Korea—as well as maintaining a Custom Shop that builds guitars to order. Those who wish period-accurate replicas can obtain Strats and other Fender instruments with original-style cloth-coated wiring, pickup and electronics designs, wood routing patterns, and even artificial aging and oxidizing of components using the Custom Shop "relic" process. There is also a budget-minded "
Squier" line from Fender, which is popular among novice guitarists. These are typically made in
Indonesia or
China and use woods more common to those countries, one example being
Agathis.
"Standard" Stratocasters are those made in
Baja California, Mexico.
Fender has also offered both Custom Shop and regular production Artist Series guitars, featuring replicas of the Stratocasters played by famous guitarists such as:
Jeff Beck,
Eric Clapton (see
Eric Clapton Stratocaster),
Mark Knopfler,
Robert Cray,
Dick Dale,
Rory Gallagher,
Buddy Guy,
Eric Johnson,
Yngwie J. Malmsteen,
John Mayer,
Robin Trower,
Stevie Ray Vaughan,
Jimmie Vaughan and others. (
see Fender Signature Artists).
Other notable Strat players include:
Jeff "Skunk" Baxter,
Pete Townshend,
Tommy Bolin,
Bob Dylan,
The Edge,
John Frusciante,
Janick Gers,
Mick Green,
Albert Hammond Jr.,
George Harrison,
Mary Kaye,
Terry Kath,
Ed King,
Alex Lifeson,
Mike McCready,
Dave Murray,
Mike Oldfield,
Bonnie Raitt,
Uli Jon Roth,
Steve Rothery,
Mike Rutherford,
Richie Sambora,
Hillel Slovak,
Adrian Smith,
Richard Thompson,
Henry Vestine,
Joe Walsh and
Frank Zappa.
See the article on the
Fender company for further details on the Stratocaster's various designations and countries of manufacture.
*The white Stratocaster with serial number 0001, once belonging to
Homer Haynes and sporting an
anodized gold pickguard and
gold hardware, is owned by
Pink Floyd guitarist
David Gilmour. This guitar, however, was not the first Stratocaster made. It is believed to be a very early "custom color" Strat.
*
As of 2000, there were "thirty-one distinct factory-made Stratocaster models available"
*
Leo Fender, the guitar's designer, could not play guitar.
*
Paul Reed Smith, president of
PRS Guitars, has said that "Leo Fender was in a 'state of grace' when he designed the Stratocaster."
*In 2006, a Stratocaster which was autographed by
Bryan Adams,
Eric Clapton,
Jimmy Page,
Mick Jagger,
Keith Richards,
Ronnie Wood,
Brian May,
Liam and
Noel Gallagher,
Jeff Beck,
Pete Townshend,
Ray Davies,
David Gilmour,
Tony Iommi,
Mark Knopfler,
Angus and
Malcolm Young,
Paul McCartney and
Sting was sold at a fundraising auction in
Qatar for US$2.6 million to
Sheihka Miyyassah Al Thani, with the proceeds going to help the victims of the
2004 Asian Tsunami. It shattered the previous record held by Eric Clapton's "
Blackie" which fetched US$959,500 at a charity auction in 2004.
*
Dweezil Zappa tried to sell a sunburst Strat that
Jimi Hendrix had played (and burnt) onstage; the guitar was then modified and used by
Frank Zappa in the
1970s. His asking price of $1,000,000 received no takers.
*In 1993,
Jimi Hendrix's 1968 "Woodstock Strat" with serial number 240981 was sold for €1,275,000 to the Italian art collector called Red Ronnie. It is now in
Microsoft billionare
Paul Allen's possession and is the main attraction for his Experience Music Project in Seattle, Washington.
*
George Harrison's famous hand painted Strat was named "Rocky".
*Bacon, Tony.
50 Years of Fender: Half a Century of the Greatest Electric Guitars. Backbeat Books, 2000.
*
Fender official website
