Flemish (linguistics)
The term
Flemish, besides an adjective referring to an attribute of any circumscription of an area named
Flanders or its people and culture, can be a linguistic one, referring to the speech of the
Flemings, inhabitants of
Flanders, though
Algemeen Nederlands (Common Dutch) is the name of their official standard language. 'Flemish' is used to describe certain non-standardized dialects spoken in Flanders, and sometimes to
Dutch as spoken in Belgium. The latter usage, though widespread, is not considered correct by linguists: boundaries between areas of distinct groups of historical
Dutch dialects do not coincide with the national borders.
[ – A comparison between the Netherlands and Flanders, of the Dutch language as heard on TV.]These multiple definitions are used many times and can result in confusion. One might expect that Flemish would be an official term for the language of politics and education in Flanders, but there is no standardized language of culture by this name. In
Belgium the official languages according to the constitution are
French,
German and
Dutch.
In contrast to countries where the names of languages may have a more purely descriptive significance, in Belgium language is at the basis of a long political emancipation struggle, which accounts for the weight being put on the use of correct terminology, as well as the involvement of government in determining and defining standard languages.
To the term
Flemish, as a linguistic notion, several meanings can be given:
* The variants of
standard Dutch as generally perceived from speakers or writers of '
Common Dutch' that are native to the Belgian regions Flanders or
Brussels-Capital;
* The non-standardized dialects as spoken in the present region Flanders, often perceived as related;:Note: for linguists however, these are part of three distinct groups::#the
dialects of the
separate language of Limburg, at present roughly covering the provinces
Limburg (the Netherlands) and
Limburg (present region Flanders, in Belgium),:#the
dialects of the former duchy of Brabant which once covered the provinces
North Brabant (the Netherlands),
Antwerp and
Flemish Brabant (present region Flanders), the
Brussels-Capital region, and – historically, the now officially French speaking (original dialects [all but?] extinct) province
Walloon Brabant (present region Wallonia), :#the
dialects of the former countship of Flanders, which once covered most of the provinces of
West-Vlaanderen,
Oost-Vlaanderen (present region Flanders),
Zeeuws-Vlaanderen (the Netherlands) and the northern French region of
French Flanders;
* The non-standardized dialects of the former countship of Flanders (see here above);
* The non-standardized dialects of the provinces of
West-Vlaanderen,
Zeeuws-Vlaanderen and French Flanders;
* A range of mixes of Standard Dutch with non-standardized dialect as individuals may tend to speak outside the most formal and their most familiar local environments, or in a familiar local environment while adressing an audience; or as in particular younger people who may not master a dialect tend to speak in any but the more formal environments.
* Any combination of the above.
Depending on the definition used,
Flemish shows more or less differences with the
Standard Dutch, as officially determined by the
Nederlandse Taalunie. Some usages that are common in Belgium, but not in the Netherlands, are recognized as being interchangeably correct, and are therefore correct
Dutch, while others are rejected in Flanders as
dialectisms.
Another category of variants consists of the Dutch
dialects spoken in Belgium. These "Flemish dialects", as they are often called by the layman, do not form a unity however: i.e. they are not more closely related to each other than to the dialects spoken in the Netherlands, instead there are several groups, rather corresponding to the feudal principalities; some are strictly cross-border, especially in the provinces that were created by separating the historical
duchy of Brabant (
North Brabant is Dutch,
Antwerp and
Vlaams-Brabant are Belgian) and the region of
Limburg (both states have a homonymous province). The main dividing lines between the Dutch dialects run from north to south, not from west to east as the Belgian-Dutch state border does. Of course centuries of separate political life did generate quite some idiomatic differences in official language and various jargons, but hardly anything grammatical and not significantly more even in vocabulary than between say Austria, Switzerland and Germany (even within this federal country there are very distinct northern and southern groups, pre-Luther without a common standard even in writing). The fairytale that 'Flemish' was a 'language without a literature' separate from Dutch was maintained by Belgium's francophone ruling class to fence off any threat from growing cries for recognition among the Dutch-speaking majority.
Finally there are among these Dutch dialects also
strictly Flemish dialects in the linguistic sense, that are spoken in the old county of Flanders (about a third of the Dutch-speaking region in Belgium), among which the most deviant subset is
West Flemish, which is also spoken in
Zeeuws Vlaanderen situated in
Zeeland a province of The Netherlands alongside
Zeeuws which can be seen as the link between
Hollandic and
West Flemish.
Standard Dutch is mainly formed from
Brabantic dialects, with major inputs by Hollandic (as its forging happened largely when emigrants from Antwerp (Brabant) resettled in Amsterdam) and (countship-)Flemish dialects.
Classification
Flemish can be classified as followed:
*
Indo-European**
Germanic***
West Germanic****
Low Franconian*****
Dutch******
Flemish varieties
(incomplete)
De Standaard, Flemish (Dutch-language) newspaper
*
Website of the Taalunie, in Dutch*
taalschrift.org (in Dutch)*
West Flemish*
East Flemish*
Frans-Vlaams
