Gaius Julius Civilis
Gaius Iulius Civilis was the leader of the
Batavian rebellion against the Romans in
69. By his
nomen, it can be told that he (or one of his male ancestors) was made a Roman citizen (and thus, the tribe a Roman vassal) by either
Augustus or
Caligula.
He was twice imprisoned on a charge of rebellion, and narrowly escaped execution. During the disturbances that followed the death of
Nero, he took up arms under pretence of siding with
Vespasian and induced the inhabitants of his native country to rebel. The
Batavians, who had rendered valuable aid under the early emperors, had been well treated in order to attach them to the cause of Rome. They were exempt from tribute, but were obliged to supply a large number of men for the army, and the burden of conscription and the oppressions of provincial governors were important incentives to revolt. The Batavians were immediately joined by several neighbouring German tribes, the most important of whom were the
Frisians.
The Roman garrisons near the Rhine were driven out, and twenty-four ships captured. Two legions under
Mummius Lupercus were defeated at Castra Vetera (near the modern
Xanten) and surrounded. Eight cohorts of Batavian veterans joined their countrymen, and the troops sent by Vespasian to the relief of Vetera threw in their lot with them.
The result of these accessions to the forces of Civilis was a rising in
Gaul.
Hordeonius Flaccus was murdered by his troops (
70), and the whole of the Roman forces were induced by two commanders of the Gallic auxiliaries â€"
Julius Classicus and
Julius Tutorâ€" to revolt from Rome and join Civilis. The whole of Gaul thus practically declared itself independent, and the foundation of a new kingdom of Gaul was contemplated. The prophetess
Veleda predicted the complete success of Civilis and the fall of the
Roman Empire. But disputes broke out amongst the different tribes and rendered co-operation impossible; Vespasian, having successfully ended the civil war, called upon Civilis to lay down his arms, and on his refusal resolved to take strong measures for the suppression of the revolt.
The arrival of
Quintus Petillius Cerialis with a strong force awed the Gauls and mutinous troops into submission; Civilis was defeated at Augusta Treverorum (
Trier, Trèves) and Castra Vetera, and forced to withdraw to the island of the Batavians. He finally came to an agreement with Cerialis whereby his countrymen obtained certain advantages, and resumed amicable relations with Rome. From this time Civilis disappears from history.
*The chief authority for the history of the insurrection is
Tacitus,
Histories, iv., v., whose account breaks off at the beginning of Civilis's speech to Cerialis.
*
Josephus,
Bellum Judaicum, vii. 4.
*E. Meyer,
Der Freiheitskrieg der Bataver unter Civilis (1856)
*Merivale,
Hist. of the Romans under the Empire, ch. 58.
*H. Schiller,
Geschichte der romischen Kaiserzeit, bk. ii. ch. 2,,f 54 (1883).
*
Jona Lendering, "The Batavian Revolt"
