George Lucas

George Walton Lucas, Jr. (born May 14, 1944) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter famous for his epic Star Wars saga and his Indiana Jones films. He is one of the American film industry's most independent, financially successful directors and producers.

Biography

George Walton Lucas Jr. was born in Modesto, California to George Walton Lucas, Sr. (1913–1991) and Dorothy Ellinore Bomberger Lucas (1913–1989). His father, who was mainly of British and Swiss heritage, ran a stationery store and owned a small walnut orchard. His mother was a member of a prominent Modesto family (one of her cousins is the mother of former U.S. Secretary of Agriculture and director of Unicef Ann Veneman) and was mainly of German and Scots-Irish heritage.

Lucas graduated from Thomas Downey High School in 1962, where he had been an indifferent student at best and dreamed of becoming a professional race car driver. That early dream ended June 12, 1962, when he crashed his Bianchina. The car was broadsided while he tried to make a left turn into his driveway. The car rolled; the racing harness that he had installed snapped, and he was thrown from the car. Had the harness not snapped—and Lucas has said it shouldn't have—he would most likely have been crushed to death by the steering column when the car smashed into a walnut tree. (The force of the impact uprooted the tree).

During his recovery, Lucas reevaluated his life and decided to go to college. He enrolled at Modesto Junior College, where he earned an AA degree, then transferred to the University of Southern California's School of Cinema-Television. USC was one of the earliest universities to have a school devoted to film studies. There he made a number of short films, including an early version of THX 1138 (the complete title was "Electronic Labyrinth THX 1138 4EB"), which later became his first full-length feature film.

After graduating with a bachelor of fine arts in film in 1966, he tried joining the Air Force as an officer, but was turned down because of his numerous speeding tickets. He was later drafted by the Army, but tests showed he had diabetes, which killed his paternal grandfather. Lucas was prescribed medication for the disease and does not seem to have required insulin. In 1967, Lucas re-enrolled as a USC graduate student in film production.

Eventually he co-founded the studio American Zoetrope with Francis Ford Coppola whom he met during an internship at Warner Brothers, hoping to create a liberating environment for filmmakers to direct outside the perceived oppressive control of the Hollywood Studio system. From the financial success of his films American Graffiti (1973) and Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977), Lucas was able to set up his own studio, Lucasfilm, in Marin County in his native northern California. Skywalker Sound and Industrial Light and Magic, the sound and visual effects subdivisions of Lucasfilm, respectively, have become among the most respected firms in their fields. Lucasfilm Games, later renamed to LucasArts, was for many years highly regarded in the gaming industry.

Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope is considered by some to be the first "high concept" film, although others feel the first was Steven Spielberg's Jaws, released two years prior. Lucas and Spielberg had been good friends for some time and eventually worked together on several films, notably the first Indiana Jones vehicle, Raiders of the Lost Ark in 1981.

On a return on investment basis, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope proved to be one of the most successful films of all time. During the filming of Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, Lucas waived his up front fee as director and negotiated to own the licensing rights—rights which the studio thought were nearly worthless. This decision earned him hundreds of millions of dollars as he was able to directly profit from all the licensed games, toys and collectibles created for the franchise. In 2004 Forbes Magazine estimated Lucas' personal wealth at $3 billion. In 2005 Forbes.com estimated the lifetime revenue generated by the Star Wars franchise at nearly $20 billion.

On October 3 1994, Lucas started to write the three Star Wars prequels, and on November 1 that year, he left the day-to-day operations of his filmmaking business and started a sabbatical to finish the prequels.

The American Film Institute awarded Lucas its Lifetime Achievement Award for 2005. He received the award on June 9, 2005.2005 AFI Life Achievement Award: A Tribute to George Lucas on USA Network This was awarded shortly after the release of Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, which he jokingly made reference to in his acceptance speech, stating that, since he views the entire Star Wars series as one movie, that he could be given the award now that he had finally "gone back and finished [the] movie."

On June 5 2005, Lucas was named 100th "Greatest American" by the Discovery Channel.

In 1969, Lucas married film editor Marcia Lou Griffin, who went on to win an Oscar for her work on the original (fourth) Star Wars film. They adopted a daughter, Amanda, in 1981, and divorced in 1983. Lucas has since adopted two more children: Katie, born in 1988, and Jett, born in 1993. All three of his children have appeared in the prequels.

In 1999, George Lucas sued Dr. Dre for sampling THX's theme sound in his album 2001.

In 2005, Lucas gave $1 million to help build the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial on the National Mall in Washington D.C. to commemorate American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr..

Innovator

George Lucas at the Time 100 2006 gala.

Besides his directorial and production work on movies, Lucas is the most significant contemporary contributor to modern movie technology. In 1975 Lucas established Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) in Van Nuys, CA, which was responsible for the invention of the special computer assisted camera crane "Dykstraflex" (named after special effects innovator, John Dykstra) that was used for most of the space fight sequences used in the Star Wars movies (technology which was later adopted by most other visual effects production units, such as those responsible for Battlestar Galactica and Star Trek: The Next Generation). Through ILM, Lucas spurred the further development of computer graphics, film laser scanners and the earliest use of 3D computer character animation in a film, Young Sherlock Holmes. Lucas sold his early computer development unit to Steve Jobs in 1986, which was renamed Pixar.

Lucas is also responsible for the modern sound systems found in many movie theaters. Although Lucas didn't invent THX, he is responsible for its development. The acronym ostensibly stands for "Tomlinson Holman eXperiment" after its chief engineer, however, it is obviously a reference to Lucas' first film THX 1138.

Now Lucas is spearheading digital cinematography for movies. Though personal digital photography is now mainstream, most movie studios still use traditional cameras and film for movie production. Lucas departed from this model by filming Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones almost completely digitally. He showed the result to a select audience of the Hollywood elite, before the movie's general release. For the presentation, Lucas used a special digital projection system. The attendees said the movie had the clearest and sharpest presentation they had ever seen.

Despite the successful demonstration of the technology, movie studios are slow to move to this new model, in part because of the high price of the digital equipment.

Lucas' interest in education also led to the creation of The George Lucas Educational Foundation (GLEF) in 1991. The multi-faceted foundation produces a magazine, web site and short films that highlight the stories and people driving innovation in education.

Filmography

Most notable films

THX 1138 (1970) (director, writer)
American Graffiti (1973) (director, writer)
Star Wars: Episode IV A New Hope (1977) (director, producer, writer)
Star Wars: Episode V The Empire Strikes Back (1980) (executive producer, co-writer, uncredited co-director)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) (co-writer, executive producer, uncredited second unit director)
Star Wars: Episode VI Return of the Jedi (1983) (executive producer, co-writer, uncredited co-director)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984) (co-writer, executive producer)
Labyrinth (1986) (executive producer)
Willow (1988) (writer, executive producer)
Tucker: The Man and His Dream (1988) (executive producer)
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989) (co-writer, executive producer)
The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles (1992 - 1996) (story, executive producer)
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace (1999) (director, writer, executive producer)
Star Wars: Episode II Attack of the Clones (2002) (director, co-writer, executive producer)
Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith (2005) (director, writer, executive producer)
Red Tails (2008)
Indiana Jones 4 (2008) (story, executive producer)

Student and short films

Look at Life (1965)
Herbie (1966)
1:42:08 (1966)
The Emperor (1967)
Electronic Labyrinth THX 1138:4EB (1967)
Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town (1967)
6-18-67 (1967)
Filmaker (1968)

Other films

More American Graffiti (1979) (executive producer)
Kagemusha also known as The Shadow Warrior (1980) (Executive Producer of International Edition)
Body Heat (1981) (uncredited executive producer)
Twice Upon a Time (1982) (executive producer)
Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure (1984) (executive producer, story)
Ewoks: The Battle for Endor (1985) (executive producer, story)
Mishima (1985) (executive producer)
Howard the Duck (1986) (executive producer)
Captain Eo (1986) (producer, screenplay)
Powaqqatsi (1988) (executive producer)
The Land Before Time (1988) (executive producer)
Hook (1991) (cameo as "man kissing on bridge")
Beverly Hills Cop III (1994) (cameo as "Disappointed Man")
Radioland Murders (1994) (story)

Trivia

* George Lucas cameos in a video with Jamie Kennedy, Stu Stone and Bob Saget, a song "Rollin' With Saget" from the MTV show Blowin' Up.[1]
* George was parodied as "Randall Curtis" on The Simpsons
* A noted fan of Mel Brooks, he gave permission to Mel Brooks to film Spaceballs (a parody of many aspects of Star Wars and the science fiction genre in general) after reading a copy of the script Brooks had given him.
* Made a cameo appearance in Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith at the insistence of his daughter. He appeared in the opera scene, near Palpatine. This is his only appearance in any of the Star Wars films.
* In 1976, Lucas published a novelization of A New Hope, which was initially (like the film) titled just Star Wars. Although Lucas was credited as author of the book, it was later revealed that the book was actually ghost written by Alan Dean Foster, who would also write Splinter of the Mind's Eye, the first original Star Wars novel and, in many respects, the first Star Wars sequel.
* As a tribute to his first film, THX-1138, it is said that each of his films (most notably the Star Wars saga) contains the number 1138 hidden as an Easter egg, and each of his movies are also made with the sound company, THX. It is also rumored that while growing up in California, the last seven digits of his home telephone number were 849-1138, where the 849 corresponds with the letters THX on a standard telephone.
* Stood as a financial guarantor on his friend Willard Huyck's film adaptation of the Howard the Duck comics and was credited as 'Executive Producer' for the service despite having no involvement in the film's production and never visiting the set. The film is often referred to as a Lucas 'bomb' despite his lack of tangible involvement, although he has made attempts to distance himself from the film.
* Lucas credits his friend John Milius with introducing him to the films of Japanese director Akira Kurosawa, whose works (particularly Seven Samurai and The Hidden Fortress) inspired the Star Wars films. For example, The Hidden Fortress includes two ubiquitous and sometimes humorous infantry soldiers who are said to have inspired R2-D2 and C-3PO; an aging master samurai on a quest to deliver a princess back to her people, said to be the inspiration for Obi-Wan Kenobi and Princess Leia in Episode IV; and the hidden fortress itself, belonging to the princess's people, which the dominant clan is trying to find and destroy, said to inspire the rebel base on Yavin and the Empire's quest to find and destroy it in Episode IV. He would later repay the favor by signing on (along with Francis Ford Coppola) as executive producer for Kurosawa's film Kagemusha.
*inspired by buddhist monk Bhante Dharmawara and created yoda in his image.
* Lucas also based his Star Wars films on the scholarship of Joseph Campbell, particularly Campbell's 1949 text, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, which deals with the idea of common elements across hero mythologies in many or all human cultures. These include, for example, the hero being called on a quest, the hero initially being reluctant to go but then receiving new motivation by unfolding events, the hero being guided by a wise elder who cannot remain to help the hero, and the hero wielding a magic or shining sword; all elements incorporated into the story of Luke Skywalker in Episode IV. Campbell's publisher returned the favor by depicting an image of Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker alongside mythological heroes such as Gilgamesh and Odysseus on the cover of a later edition of The Hero with a Thousand Faces [2]. Lucas was also involved in the creation of the 1988 documentary which explored the works of Joseph Campbell, The Power of Myth. The series of 6 one hour interviews between Campbell and journalist Bill Moyers, was filmed at Lucas' Skywalker Ranch. In the first episode, Moyers discusses Campbell's friendship with Lucas and the impact of his scholarship on Lucas' Star Wars films (episodes IV,V, and VI) [3]. Twelve years later, in 1999, Lucas and Moyers reunited to make the documentary Mythology of Star Wars with George Lucas & Bill Moyers[4] in which they discussed their memories of Campbell and his influence. In addition, the National Air and Space Museum of the Smithsonian Institution sponsored an exhibit during the late 1990s called Star Wars: The Magic of Myth which discussed the ways in which Campbell's work shaped the Star Wars films [5]. A companion guide of the same name was published in 1997.
* Lucas was raised as a Methodist but now states that he is "Spiritual" [6]
* In his spare time, Lucas enjoys playing Star Wars video games with his children. He has also been known to read some of the Star Wars comic books, including Dark Empire. At one point, Lucas even said that he liked the story presented in the Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire multimedia project so much, that if he had had the story in the 80's, he might have produced a film based on the events in it.
* Friend Steven Spielberg called Lucas a pure independent filmmaker, as Lucas is very ensconced in Northern California in Marin County and the San Francisco area, and actively rejects the institutions of Hollywood.
* He based the character of Han Solo on his friend Francis Ford Coppola.
* The characters of Indiana Jones and Chewbacca the Wookie were inspired by his ex-wife's dog, an Alaskan Malamute named Indiana.
* His nickname in high school was Luke. This later became the name of the hero of his original Star Wars trilogy, Luke Skywalker.
* Sold Lucasfilm's Computer Graphics Division (by then named Pixar) to Apple Computer co-founder Steve Jobs. It eventually became Pixar Animation Studios.
* Appeared as himself in a cameo in an episode of the O.C. ("The O.Sea", aired May 12, 2005).
* Appeared in a cameo in Beverly Hills Cop III.
* Made as an action figure in 2002 with the name "Jorg Sacul." In 2006, a toy based on his appearance in Revenge of the Sith was created, as well as a mail-away special figure of George Lucas in Stormtrooper disguise.
* Never attended his high school prom.

The producers of Superman offered Lucas the chance to direct but declined saying he didn`t think he could do a good job with the material.

* Star Wars: George Lucas
* The George Lucas Educational Foundation
* Academy of Achievement Profile http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/luc0pro-1
* Academy of Achievement Biography http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/luc0bio-1
* Academy of Achievement Interview http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/luc0int-1
* Academy of Achievement Photo Gallery http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/luc0gal-1
* Letters to George, write George Lucas, and read other fan mail to him
* Resource and Entertainment by FilmMakers Magazine
* Inside Skywalker Ranch
* A Tribute for 28 Years of Star Wars, Sign the Letter to George Lucas.
* The online bibliography section of "DROIDMAKER: George Lucas and the Digital Revolution"
* George Lucas at Yahoo! Movies
* Lucas bio page at Lucasfilm.com
* Academy of Achievement Interview

ARTICLES
* WIRED: "Life after Darth", an in-depth look at George Lucas' artistic influences and future aspirations
* Achievement: George Lucas, interview including video and full biography
* Edutopia: "Life On The Screen" The filmmaker argues that students must learn a new language of image and sound in order to succeed.

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George Lucas: Encyclopedia BETA

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