Globus cruciger
The
globus cruciger (
Latin) is an
orb (
globus) topped with a
cross (
cruciger), a
Christian symbol of authority used throughout the
Middle Ages on coins,
iconography and royal
regalia. It symbolises Christ's (the cross) dominion over the world (the orb), literally held in the dominion of an earthly ruler (or sometimes celestial being such as an angel).
The first known use was in
423 on the reverse side of the coins of
Emperor Theodosius II.
The visual symbolism of holding the world (in Latin
orbis terrarum, the 'circle of countries', hence the word orb) in one's hand, or perhaps even more ominously under one's foot, was a clear message used since
antiquity among
pagans. Citizens of
Rome were familiar with the plain round orb as a representation of the world or universe, and the emperor's dominion and protectorate over it; for example a
4th century coin from the reign of
Emperor Constantine I shows him holding a globus in hand; and a
2nd century coin from the reign of
Emperor Hadrian shows the
Roman god Salus with his foot upon a globus.
With the growth of
Christianity in the 5th century, the orb was topped with a
cross (hence
globus cruciger), symbolising the Christian God's dominion over the world. Symbolically to Christians, the emperor held the world in his hand, on behalf of God. To non-Christians already familiar with the pagan orb, the surmounting of a cross sent a message about the triumph of Christianity. Scale and size in the mediaeval mind (iconography) was important in the sense of relative size to other objects around it; the world is seen small and the ruler or celestial being large, to emphasise the importance of each element.
The
globus cruciger was used by powerful rulers and
celestial beings alike; it adorned portrayals of both
emperors and
kings, as well as
archangels. It first appeared on
coins in the early
5th century and remained popular throughout the
Middle Ages in coins,
iconography and royal
regalia. Even in the modern era in
England, the
Sovereign's Orb symbolises both the state and Church (
of England) under the protection and domain of the royal crown.
Pictures
Image:Insight may03 focus beaton large.jpg|Queen Elizabeth II held a globus cruciger, called the "Sovereign's Orb", for her coronation portrait in 1953.Image:British Sovereigns Orb.jpg|British Sovereign's Orb.Image:Holyromanemperorsigismund.jpeg|Sigismund Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Bohemia and Hungary (1368â€"1437).Image:Goldene-bulle 1c-480x475.jpg|The Golden Bull of 1356 by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IVImage:Barbaros.JPG|Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.Image:Dürer karl der grosse.jpg|Charlemagne.Image:Charlemagne.jpg|Statue of Charlemagne in Frankfurt, holding Joyeuse and the globus cruciger. A Romantic interpretation of his appearance from the 18th century .Image:RV Antoniniano Carinus.JPG|A Roman coin showing Antoninianus of Carinus holding pilum and globe.Image:Reichsapfel.jpg|Imperial Orb of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation.Image:Russian regalia.jpg|Regalia of RussiaImage:Polish crown jewels.jpg*
Monde (crown)*
Holy Hand Grenade of Antioch*
Picture of the 10th century Orb, Scepter and Crown insignia of the Holy Roman Empire*
Picture of Justinian (527-565) holding a Globus cruciger*Leslie Brubaker,
Dictionary of the Middle Ages, vol 5, pg. 564, ISBN 068418164
