Great Red Spot
| The Great Red Spot as seen from Voyager 1 in 1979. |
| | Approximate size comparison of Earth and the Great Red Spot. |
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| Colour animation of Jupiter's cloud motion. |
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| An animation of the Great Red Spot |
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| Image of Jupiter by Pioneer 10 in 1974, showing a more solid looking spot than Voyager. |
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The
Great Red Spot is a persistent
anticyclonic storm on the
planet Jupiter, 22° south of the equator, which has lasted at least 340
years. The storm is large enough to be visible through
Earth-based
telescopes. It was probably first observed by
Cassini, who described it around 1665.
This dramatic view of Jupiter's Great Red Spot and its surroundings was obtained by
Voyager 1 on
February 25,
1979, when the spacecraft was 9.2 million km (5.7 million miles) from Jupiter. Cloud details as small as 160 km (100 miles) across can be seen here. The colourful, wavy cloud pattern to the left of the Red Spot is a region of extraordinarily complex and variable wave motion. To give a sense of Jupiter's scale, the white oval storm directly below the Great Red Spot is approximately the same diameter as
Earth.
The
oval object
rotates counterclockwise, with a
period of about 6
days. The Great Red Spot's
dimensions are 24–40,000 km × 12–14,000 km. It is large enough to contain two or three planets of Earth size. The
cloudtops of this storm are about 8 km above the surrounding cloudtops.
Storms such as this are not uncommon within the
turbulent atmospheres of
gas giants. Jupiter also has white ovals and brown ovals, which are lesser unnamed storms. White ovals tend to consist of relatively
cool clouds within the upper atmosphere. Brown ovals are warmer and located within the "normal cloud layer". Such storms can last
hours or
centuries.
Before the Voyager missions, astronomers were highly uncertain of its nature. Many believed it to be a solid or liquid feature on Jupiter's surface.
|
False-color detail of Jupiter's atmosphere, imaged by Voyager 1, showing the Great Red Spot and a passing white oval. |
It is not known exactly what causes the Great Red Spot's reddish colour. Theories supported by laboratory experiments suppose that the colour may be caused by any of "complex organic molecules, red phosphorus, or yet another sulfur compound" [
1], but a consensus has yet to be reached.
The Great Red Spot varies greatly in prominence, from almost brick-red to pale salmon, or even white. In fact, the Spot occasionally "disappears", becoming evident only through the Red Spot Hollow, which is its niche in the
South Equatorial Belt (SEB). Interestingly, its visibility is apparently coupled to the SEB; when the Belt is bright white, the Spot tends to be dark, and when it is dark the Spot is usually light. These periods when the Spot is dark or light occur at irregular intervals; in the last 50 years the Spot was darkest from 1961-66, 1968-75, 1989-90, and 1992-93.(Beebe 38-41)
A smaller spot, designated
Oval BA, formed recently from the merger of three white ovals, has turned reddish in colour.
The Great Red Spot appears at first to be remarkably stable, and most sources concur that it has been continuously observed for 300 years. However, the situation is more complex than that; the present Spot was first seen only in 1830, and well studied only after a prominent apparition in 1879. A long gap separates its period of current study after 1830 from its 17th-century discovery; whether the original Spot dissipated and reformed, or whether it faded, or even if the observational record was simply poor are all unknown.(Beebe 38-41)
Several factors may be responsible for its longevity, such as the fact that it never encounters solid surfaces over which to dissipate its energy and that its motion is driven by Jupiter's internal heat. Simulations suggest that the Spot tends to absorb smaller atmospheric disturbances.
At the start of 2004, the Great Red Spot was approximately half as large as it was 100 years ago. It is not known how long the Great Red Spot will last, or whether this is a result of normal fluctuations.
The Great Red Spot should not be confused with the
Great Dark Spot, famously seen in the atmosphere of
Neptune by
Voyager 2 in 1989. The Great Dark Spot may have been an atmospheric hole rather than a storm, and it was no longer present as of 1994 (although a similar spot had appeared farther to the north).
As the hot gasses that comprise Jupiter's
atmosphere rise from lower levels to higher levels,
eddies form and converge together. A
Coriolis force forms and forces cooler air to fall back into a swirling motion that may be many kilometers in diameter. These eddies can last for a long time, because there is no solid surface to provide
friction and colder cloud tops above the eddy allow little energy to escape by
radiation. Once formed, such eddies are free to move, merging with or affecting the behaviour of other storm systems in the atmosphere. It is theorized that this mechanism formed the great red spot. According to this theory, many adjacent eddies are engulfed and merge with the spot, adding to the energy of the storm and contributing to its longevity.
As of
June 5 2006, the
NASA Science website reported that the Great Red Spot and
Oval BA might converge. The storms pass each other about every two years, but the passings of 2002 and 2004 did not produce anything exciting. But
Dr. Amy Simon-Miller, of the
Goddard Space Flight Center, predicted the storms would have their closest passing on
July 4. Simon-Miller had been working with
Dr. Imke de Pater and
Dr. Phil Marcus of
UC Berkeley, and a team of professional astronomers since April, studying the storms using the
Hubble Space Telescope. On July 20, the two storms were photographed [
2] passing each other by the
Gemini Observatory. No convergence occurred.
*Beatty, Kelly J., Peterson, Carolyn Collins, Chaiki, Andrew. "The New Solar System". Massachusetts: Sky Publishing Corporation, 1999.
*Beebe, Reta. "Jupiter The Giant Planet" Smithsonian Institution 1997.
*Peek Bertrand M. "The Planet Jupiter". London: Faber and Faber Limited, 1981.
*Rogers, John H. "The Giant Planet Jupiter". Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1995
*Youssef, Ashraf, Marcus, Philip S. "The dynamics of jovian white ovals from formation to merger".
1 November 2000: 74-93.
*
Jupiter simulations*
Researcher predicts global climate change on Jupiter as giant planet's spots disappear (April 2004)*
Oval BA, or "Red Spot Jr. arises"*
Huge Storms About To Converge
