Herbarium
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Studying a plant sample in the Herbarium |
In
botany, a
herbarium is a collection of preserved
plant specimens. These specimens may be whole plants or plant parts: these will usually be in a dried form, mounted on a sheet, but depending upon the material may also be kept in alcohol.
A herbarium can also be the building where the specimens are stored, or the scientific institute that not only stores but researches these specimens. The specimens in a herbarium are often used as reference material in describing plant
taxa; some specimens may be
types.
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Preparing a plant for mounting |
To preserve their form and color, plants collected in the field are spread flat on sheets of newsprint and dried, usually in a plant press, between blotters or absorbent paper. The specimens, which are then mounted on sheets of stiff white paper, are labeled with all essential data, such as date and place found, description of the plant, altitude, and special habitat conditions. The sheet is then placed in a protective case. As a precaution against insect attack, the pressed plant is frozen or poisoned and the case disinfected.
Herbaria are essential for the study of plant taxonomy, the study of geographic distributions, and the stabilizing of nomenclature. Thus it is desirable to include in a specimen as much of the plant as possible (e.g., flowers, stems, leaves, seed, and fruit).
Linnaeus' herbarium now belongs to the Linnean Society in England.
Also, many universities maintain herbaria. Notable herbaria in the United States include the Gray Herbarium at Harvard and those at the U.S. National Museum (of the Smithsonian Institution) and at the New York and Missouri Botanical Gardens.
*
Systematics*
Taxonomy*
Virtual Herbarium*
Plant collecting*
Index Herbariorum*
Linnean Herbarium*
Herbarium at Kew Gardens in London*
Herbarium at Cambridge*
University and Jepson Herbaria at the University of California, Berkeley
