Illinois
Illinois (
pronounced or "ill-i-NOY") is the 21st
U.S. state and is located in the
Midwest region of the
United States of America. The state is known for its large and diverse population, its balance of rural areas, small industrial cities, vast
suburbs and great
metropolis, its highly diverse economic base, and its central location that has made it a transportation hub for 150 years. It is this mixture of factory and farm, of urban and rural that makes Illinois a microcosm of the nation.
About 2000
Native American hunters inhabited the area at the time of the
American Revolution, and by a small number of
French villagers. American settlers began arriving from
Kentucky in the 1810s; they achieved statehood in 1818.
Yankees arrived a little later and dominated the north, creating the metropolis of Chicago in the 1830s. The coming of the
railroads in the 1850s made highly profitable the rich
prairie farmlands in central Illinois, attracting large numbers of immigrant farmers from
Germany and
Sweden. Northern Illinois, strongly
Republican, provided major support for Illinoisans
Abraham Lincoln and
Ulysses S. Grant during the
Civil War. By 1900, factories were being rapidly built in the northern cities, along with coal mines in central and southern areas, attracting large numbers of immigrants from
Eastern and
Southern Europe. Illinois was a major arsenal in both
world wars; large numbers of blacks left the cotton fields of the South to come to Chicago, where they developed a famous
jazz culture.
The state is named for the
Illinois River which was named by
French explorers after the indigenous
Illiniwek people, a
consortium of
Algonquian tribes that thrived in the area. The word
Illiniwek means "tribe of superior men."
[State of Illinois. Illinois Symbols. Accessed on April 20, 2006]The northeastern border of Illinois is
Lake Michigan. Its eastern border with
Indiana is all of the land west of the
Wabash River, and a north-south line above
Post Vincennes, or 87° 30' west longitude. Its northern border with
Wisconsin is fixed at 42° 30' latitude. Its western border with
Missouri and
Iowa is the
Mississippi River. Its southern border with
Kentucky is the
Ohio River.
[Wikisource. Illinois Constitution of 1818.] Illinois also borders
Michigan, but only via a water boundary in Lake Michigan.
Though Illinois lies entirely in the
Interior Plains, it has three major geographical divisions. The first is
Chicagoland, including the city of
Chicago, its suburbs, and the adjoining exurban area into which the metropolis is expanding. This region includes a few counties in Indiana and Wisconsin and stretches across much of northern Illinois toward the Iowa border, generally along Interstates
80 and
90. This region is cosmopolitan, densely populated, industrialized, and settled by a variety of ethnic groups.
Cook County is the most populous county in the state, with over 5.3 million residents in 2004.
Southward and westward, the second major division is central Illinois, an area of mostly flat
prairie. The western section (west of the Illinois River) was originally part of the
Military Tract of 1812 and forms the distinctive western bulge of state. Known as the Land of
Lincoln or the Heart of Illinois, it is characterized by small towns and mid-sized cities. Agriculture, particularly
corn and
soybeans, as well as educational institutions and manufacturing centers, figures prominently. Major cities include
Peoria–the third largest metropolitan area in Illinois at 370,000,
Springfield–the state
capital,
Decatur,
Bloomington-Normal and
Champaign-
Urbana.
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Illinois, showing major cities and roads |
The third division is southern Illinois, comprising the area south of
U.S. Route 50, and including
Little Egypt, near the juncture of the
Mississippi River and
Ohio River. This region can be distinguished from the other two by its warmer climate, different mix of crops (including some
cotton farming in the past), more rugged topography (the southern tip is unglaciated with the remainder glaciated during the
Illinoian Age and earlier ages), as well as small-scale oil deposits and
coal mining. The area is a little more populated than the central part of the state with the population centered in two areas. First, the Illinois suburbs of St. Louis comprise the second most populous metropolitan area in Illinois with nearly 600,000 inhabitants, and are known collectively as the
Metro-East. Second, the
Carbondale,
Marion,
West Frankfort,
Herrin,
Murphysboro area, is home to around 200,000 residents.
Collectively, all of Illinois outside the Chicago Metropolitan area is called "downstate Illinois".
In extreme northwestern Illinois, the
Driftless Zone, a region of unglaciated and therefore higher and more rugged topography, occupies a small part of the state.
Charles Mound, located in this region, is the state's highest natural elevation above
sea level at 1,235 feet (376 m). The highest true elevation in Illinois is the
Sears Tower with an elevation at the top of its roof of approximately 2,030 feet (the elevation of Chicago is approximately 580 feet and the height of the roof is approximately 1450 feet).
The floodplain on the Mississippi River from
Alton to the
Kaskaskia River is the
American Bottom, and is the site of the ancient city of
Cahokia. It was a region of early French settlement, as well as the site of the first state capital, at
Kaskaskia which is separated from the rest of the state by the Mississippi River.
See also List of Illinois counties, List of Illinois county name etymologiesClimate
Because of its nearly 400 mile length, Illinois has a widely varying climate. Monthly average temperatures range from a high of 88°F in the south during the month of August to a low of 10°F in the northwest during February. Average yearly precipitation for Illinois varies from just over 48 inches at the southern tip to around 35 inches in the northern portion of the state. Normal annual snowfall exceeds 38 inches in Chicagoland due to
lake effect snow, while the south normally receives less than 14 inches.
[Illinois State Climatologist Office. Climate Maps for Illinois. Accessed April 22, 2006.] The highest temperature recorded in Illinois was 117°F, recorded on
July 14,
1954, at East St. Louis, while the lowest temperature was -36°F, recorded on
January 5,
1999, at
Congerville.
[Midwestern Regional Climate Center (MRCC). Illinois Extreme Temperature list. Accessed April 22, 2006.]Recreation
Illinois has numerous museums. For example, the
Burpee Museum of Natural History in
Rockford which features the dinosaur fossil
Jane the Rockford T-Rex.
The
Illinois state park system began in 1908 with what is now
Fort Massac State Park becoming the first park in a system encompassing over 60 parks and about the same number of recreational and wildlife areas.
Areas under the protection and control of the
National Park Service include:
*
Illinois and Michigan Canal National Heritage Corridor near
Lockport*
Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail*
Lincoln Home National Historic Site in Springfield
*
Mormon Pioneer National Historic Trail*
Trail of Tears National Historic TrailPre-Columbian
Cahokia, the urban center of the pre-
Columbian Mississippian culture, was located near present-day
Collinsville, Illinois. That civilization vanished circa
AD 1400–1500 for unknown reasons. The next major power in the region was the
Illiniwek Confederation, or Illini, a political alliance among several tribes. The Illiniwek gave Illinois its name. The Illini suffered in the seventeenth century as
Iroquois expansion forced them to compete with several tribes for land. The Illini were replaced by the
Potawatomi,
Miami,
Sauk, and other tribes.
European exploration
French explorers
Jacques Marquette and
Louis Joliet explored the
Illinois River in 1673. As a result of their exploration, Illinois was part of the French empire until 1763, when it passed to the
British as a result of the
French and Indian War.
George Rogers Clark claimed the
Illinois Country for the
Commonwealth of Virginia during his military campaigns there in 1778. The area was ceded to the new United States in 1783 and became part of the
Northwest Territory.
19th century
The
Illinois-Wabash Company was an early claimant to much of Illinois. The
Illinois Territory was created on
February 3,
1809, with its capital at
Kaskaskia. In 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. state. At the last minute, the state's northern border was controversially moved 50 miles north from the southern tip of Lake Michigan to its current location to include the port of Chicago. The capital remained at Kaskaskia, but in 1819 it was decided to move the capital up the
Kaskaskia River to
Vandalia. Early U.S. settlement began in the southern part of the state and quickly spread northward, driving out the native residents. With the 1832
Black Hawk War, the last native tribes were driven out of northern Illinois.
The winter of 1830-1831 is called the "Winter of the Deep Snow". A sudden, deep snowfall blanketed the state, making travel impossible for the rest of the winter. Travelers lucky enough to find shelter had to stay where they were. Many others perished. Several severe winters followed, including the "Winter of the Sudden Freeze". On
December 20,
1836, a fast-moving cold front passed through, freezing puddles in minutes and killing many travelers who could not reach shelter. The adverse weather resulted in crop failures in the northern part of the state. The southern part of the state shipped food north and this may have contributed to its name: "
Egypt", after the
Biblical story of Joseph in Egypt supplying grain to his brothers.
[Duff, Judge Andrew D. Egypt. Republished, Springhouse Magazine. Accessed May 1, 2006.]Illinois is known as the "Land of
Lincoln" because it is here that the 16th
President spent most of his life, practicing law and living in
Springfield. In 1837, with Lincoln's support and urging, the General Assembly voted to move the capital to Springfield. As early as 1840, Illinois was called the "
Sucker State", a nickname with several possible reasons.
Illinois was not a strong anti-slavery state. In 1853, led by Democrat
John A. Logan, the legislature passed a
Black Code designed to keep free blacks out of the state.
Chicago gained prominence as a
Great Lakes port and then as a
canal port after 1848, and as a rail hub soon afterward. By 1857, Chicago was Illinois' largest city.
Civil War
During the
Civil War, over 250,000 Illinois men served in the
Union Army, more than any other northern state except
New York,
Pennsylvania and
Ohio. Beginning with President Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois mustered 150 infantry regiments, which were numbered from the 7th IL to the 156th IL. Seventeen cavalry regiments were also gathered, as well as two light artillery regiments.
Twentieth century
In the 20th century, Illinois emerged as one of the most important states in the union with a population of nearly 5 million. By the end of the century the population would reach 12.4 million. The
Century of Progress world's fair was held at Chicago in 1933. Oil strikes in
Marion County lead to a boom in 1937, and by 1939 Illinois ranked 4th in U.S. oil production.
Following World War II,
Argonne National Laboratory, near Chicago, activated the first experimental nuclear power generating system in United States in 1957. By 1960, the first privately financed nuclear plant in United States, Dresden 1, was dedicated near Morris. Chicago became an ocean port with the opening of the
Saint Lawrence Seaway, in 1959. The seaway and the
Illinois Waterway connected Chicago to both the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean. In 1960,
Ray Kroc opened the first
McDonald's franchise in
Des Plaines.
In 1970, the state's sixth constitutional convention authored a new constitution to replace the 1870 version. It was ratified in December. The first
Farm Aid concert was held in Champaign to benefit American farmers, in 1985. The worst
upper Mississippi River flood of the century, the
Great Flood of 1993, inundated many towns and thousands of acres of farmland.
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Illinois Population Density Map |
As of 2005, Illinois has an estimated population of 12,763,371, which is an increase of 51,355, or 0.4%, from the prior year and an increase of 343,724, or 2.8%, since the year 2000. This includes a natural increase since the last census of 406,425 people (that is 959,470 births minus 553,045 deaths) and a decrease due to net migration of 63,011 people out of the state. Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 328,020 people, and migration within the country produced a net loss of 391,031 people. As of 2004 there were 1,682,900 foreign-born (13.3%).
[United States Census Bureau. 2004 American Community Survey.]At the northern edge of the state on Lake Michigan lies Chicago, the nation's third largest city. In 2000, 23.3% of the population lived in the city of Chicago, 43.3% in Cook County and 65.6% in Illinois's part of
Chicagoland, the leading industrial and transportation center in the region, which includes Will, DuPage, Kane, and Lake Counties as well as Cook County. The rest of the population lives in the smaller cities and in the rural areas that dot the state's plains. According to the 2000 census, the state population center was in
Grundy County northeast of
Mazon.
[American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. State Centers of Population. Accessed April 20, 2006.]The racial/ethnic makeup of the state is as follows:
[United States Census Bureau. Illinois Quick Facts, 2004. Accessed May 27, 2006.]*66.2%
White, not of Hispanic ancestry
*15.1%
Black*14.0%
Hispanic of any race
*4.0%
Asian*0.3%
Native American*1.1%
Mixed RaceThe top five ancestry groups in Illinois are:
German American (19.6%),
African American (15.1%),
Irish American (12.2%),
Mexican American (9.2%), and
Polish-American (7.5%). Nearly three in ten whites in Illinois claimed at least partial German ancestry on the Census. Blacks are present in large numbers in the city of Chicago, East St. Louis, and the southern tip of the state. Residents citing American and British ancestry are especially concentrated in the southeastern part of the state. Metropolitan Chicago has the greatest numbers of people of Irish, Mexican, and Polish ancestry.
7.1% of Illinois' population was reported as under age 5, 26.1% under age 18, and 12.1% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51% of the population.
Religion
Protestants are the largest religious group in Illinois. However, Illinois is not as heavily Protestant as neighboring states are. Roman Catholics, who are heavily concentrated in and around Chicago, account for 30% of the population.
Metro Chicago is home to the 3rd largest Jewish population in the United States.
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Illinois Quarter |
The 2004 total
gross state product for Illinois was nearly
US$522 billion,
[Bureau of Economic Analysis. Gross State Products. October 26, 2005.] placing it 5
th in the nation. The 2004 per capita income was
US$34,721.
[Bureau of Economic Analysis. State Per Capita Personal Income. March 28, 2006.]Illinois' agricultural outputs are
corn,
soybeans,
hogs,
cattle, dairy products, and
wheat. Illinois' universities are actively researching alternative agricultural products as alternative crops. Its industrial outputs are machinery, food processing, electrical equipment, chemical products, publishing, fabricated metal products, transportation equipment,
petroleum and
coal.
Illinois' state
income tax is calculated by multiplying net income by a flat rate, currently 3 percent.
[Illinois Department of Revenue. Individual Income Tax . Accessed May 27, 2006.] There are two rates for state
sales tax: 6.25 percent for general merchandise and 1 percent for qualifying food, drugs and medical appliances.
[Illinois Department of Revenue. Illinois Sales Tax Reference Manual (PDF). p117. January 1, 2006.] The
property tax is the largest single tax in Illinois, and is the major source of tax revenue for local government taxing districts. The property tax is a local—not state—tax, imposed by local government taxing districts which include counties,
townships, municipalities,
school districts, and special taxing districts. The property tax in Illinois is imposed only on
real property.
It could be said that
nuclear power began in Illinois with the
Chicago Pile-1, the world's first artificial self-sustaining
nuclear chain reaction in the world's first
nuclear reactor, built on a
squash court under the abandoned west stands of the
Alonzo Stagg Field stadium on the
University of Chicago campus.
As of 2006, Illinois has 6
Nuclear power plants which contain 11 electricity producing reactors.
As of January 1 2005 Illinois ranked 1st among the 31 States with nuclear capacity.
[United States Department of Energy. Illinois Nuclear Industry. Accessed April 4, 2006.]Illinois is a leading refiner of petroleum in the American Midwest, with a combined crude oil distillation capacity of nearly 0.9 million barrels per day. However, Illinois has very limited crude oil proved reserves that account for less than 1 percent of U.S. crude oil proved reserves. Residential heating is 81 percent
natural gas compared to less than 1 percent
heating oil.
[United States Department of Energy. Petroleum Profile: Illinois. Accessed April 4, 2006.]About 68% of Illinois has
coal-bearing strata of the
Pennsylvanian geologic period. According to the Illinois State Geological Survey, 211 billion tons of
bituminous coal are estimated to lie under the surface, having a total heating value greater than the estimated oil deposits in the
Arabian Peninsula.
[Illinois State Geological Survey. Coal in Illinois. Accessed April 20, 2006.] However, this coal has a high
sulfur content, which requires special equipment to reduce air pollution.
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The sample version of the current Illinois passenger license plate introduced in 2001. |
Because of its central location and its proximity to the
Manufacturing belt and
Corn belt, Illinois is a national crossroads and transportation hub. Illinois has an extensive rail network transporting both passengers and freight. Chicago is a national
Amtrak hub and in-state passengers are served by Amtrak's
Illinois Service featuring the Chicago to Carbondale
Illini and Chicago to Quincy
Illinois Zephyr. In addition to the states rail lines, the
Mississippi River and
Illinois River provide major routes for the states agricultural interests.
O'Hare International Airport is one of the busiest airports in the world and is a major airport serving numerous domestic and international destinations. It is a
hub for
United Airlines and
American Airlines, and a major airport expansion project is currently underway.
Major U.S. Interstate highways crossing the state include:
I-24,
I-39,
I-55,
I-57,
I-64,
I-70,
I-72,
I-74,
I-80,
I-88,
I-90, and
I-94. Illinois carries the distinction of having the most primary (2-digit) Interstates pass through it among the 50 states. In 2005, there were 1,355 traffic deaths on Illinois roadways, the lowest in more than 60 years.
[Governor of Illinois. Press release. Accessed April 20, 2006.]The state government of Illinois is modeled after the United States federal government with adaptations originating from traditions cultivated during the state's frontier era. As codified in the state constitution, there are three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch is led by the
Governor of Illinois. Legislative functions are given to the
Illinois General Assembly, composed of the 118-member
Illinois House of Representatives and the 59-member
Illinois Senate. The judiciary is comprised of the
Supreme Court of Illinois, which oversees the lower
appellate and
circuit courts.
[Wikisource. Illinois Constitution of 1818.]Illinois has traditionally been a major battleground between the
Republican Party and the
Democratic Party . Since 1992, it has gradually become more Democratic at the national and state level. It is the most Democratic state in the Midwest. Illinois voted for Democratic presidential candidates in the last four elections. John Kerry easily won the state's 21 electoral votes in 2004 by a margin of 11 percentage points with 54.8% of the vote. Traditionally, the central cities, especially
Cook and
St. Clair counties, have been Democratic strongholds, while the suburbs of Chicago have been historically Republican. However, the
collar counties of
Lake and
DuPage, while still mostly Republican, have been trending towards the Democrats. Small cities and towns are typically Republican strongholds, except for the old coal mining towns. Rural districts in the northern third of the state have historically been Republican; those in the middle third mixed, and those in
Little Egypt (the southern third of the state), Democratic.
Politics in the state have not always been above board. In 2006, former Secretary of State and Governor
George Ryan was convicted of racketeering and bribery. Former U.S. Congressman
Dan Rostenkowski was imprisoned for
mail fraud. Former Governor and federal judge
Otto Kerner, Jr. was imprisoned for bribery. Former State Auditor of Public Accounts (Comptroller)
Orville Hodge was imprisoned for embezzlement.
Chicago is the largest city in the state and the
third most populous city in the
United States. Cities over 100,000 include:
Aurora, the largest suburb of Chicago and second largest city in Illinois.
Rockford, the third largest city in Illinois, located in north-central Illinois.
Naperville, a Chicago suburb and fourth largest city in the state.
Elgin, a suburb northwest of Chicago.
Joliet, a suburb southwest of Chicago.
Peoria, the largest city on the Illinois river and
Springfield, the state capital of Illinois.
Illinois State Board of Education
The Illinois State Board of Education or ISBE, autonomous of the governor and the state legislature, administers
public education in the state. Local municipalities and their respective
school districts operate individual public schools but the ISBE audits performance of public schools with the
Illinois School Report Card. The ISBE also makes recommendations to state leaders concerning education spending and policies.
Primary and secondary schools
Education is compulsory from
kindergarten through the twelfth grade in Illinois, commonly but not exclusively divided into three tiers of
primary and
secondary education:
elementary school,
middle school or
junior high school and
high school. District territories are often complex in structure. In some cases, elementary, middle and junior high schools of a single district feed into high schools in another district.
Colleges and universities
While many students enter the military or join the workforce directly from high school, students have the option of applying to
colleges and
universities in Illinois. Notable Illinois institutions of
higher education include
Northwestern University, the
University of Chicago, and the several branches of the
University of Illinois system. Illinois is also home to 49 colleges in the
Illinois Community College System.
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Soldier Field following renovation. |
Because of its large and diverse population, Chicago is the focus of most professional sports in Illinois. It is the home to 15 different professional sports teams.
The
Chicago Cubs of the
National League play in the second-oldest major league stadium and are famous as "lovable losers" whose
fans are nevertheless famously dedicated. The
Chicago White Sox of the
American League won the
World Series championship in 2005, their first since 1917. The
Chicago Bears football team has won 9 total league titles, including 8
NFL Championships and
Super Bowl XX. The
Chicago Bulls of the
NBA are one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world, thanks to the heroics of a player often cited as the best ever,
Michael Jordan, who led the team to six NBA championships in eight seasons in the 1990s. The
Chicago Blackhawks of the
NHL began playing in 1926 as a member of the
Original Six and have won several Stanley Cups. The
Chicago Fire soccer club are members of
MLS and are one of the league's most successful and best-supported since its founding in 1997, winning one
league and three
US Open Cups in that timespan.
Chicago sports teams, like the Bulls, often carry a national following. However, downstate fans are sometimes loyal to adjacent sports markets, such as St. Louis.
The
USS Illinois was named in honor of this state.
Selected list of notable residents
*
Jane Addams, pioneer social worker, founded
Hull House*
John Belushi, early member of
The Second City and
Jim Belushi, both born in
Chicago but grew up in
Wheaton;
*
Joseph Gurney Cannon longtime member of Congress and Speaker in early 20th century
*
John Deere, farm machinery pioneer. Founded
Deere & Company in
Moline*
Dennis Hastert,
Speaker of the United States House of Representatives;
*
Hugh Hefner, creator of Playboy magazine, which he based in Chicago
*
Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President, built his career in
Springfield*
Dick Durbin, currently the state's senior senator and
United States Senate Minority Whip*
Barack Obama, currently the junior Senator
*
Ronald Reagan, the 40th President; born in
Tampico, attended
Eureka College*
Donald Rumsfeld, current U.S. Secretary of Defense; born in
Evanston*
Shel Silverstein, children's author; born and raised in Chicago
*
Adlai E. Stevenson, elected Vice President, 1892
*
Adlai Stevenson II, governor, 1952 and 1956 Presidential candidate
*
Oprah Winfrey, talk show host, lives in
Streeterville neighborhood of Chicago
*
List of Illinois rivers*
List of newspapers in Illinois*
List of radio stations in Illinois*
List of television stations in Illinois*
List of Registered Historic Places in Illinois*
List of ZIP Codes in Illinois*
Watersheds of Illinois*
Scouting in Illinois* Biles, Roger.
Illinois: A History Of The Land And Its People (2005). ISBN 0875803490. survey by leading scholar.
* Cole, Arthur Charles.
The Era of the Civil War, 1848-1870 (1919). ISBN 083695646X.
* Davis, James E.
Frontier Illinois (1998). ISBN 0253334233.
*Gove, Samuel K. and James D. Nowlan.
Illinois Politics & Government: The Expanding Metropolitan Frontier (1996). ISBN 0803270143. Government text with guide to further sources.
* Hallwas, John E. ed.,
Illinois Literature: The Nineteenth Century (1986). OCLC 14228886.
* Horsley, A. Doyne.
Illinois: A Geography (1986). ISBN 0865315221, textbook.
* Howard, Robert P.
Illinois: A History of the Prairie State (1972). ISBN 0802870252. textbook
* Jensen, Richard.
Illinois: A History (2001). ISBN 0252070216. Uses a traditional-modern-postmodern model.
* Keiser, John H.
Building for the Centuries: Illinois 1865-1898 (1977). ISBN 0252006178.
* Meyer, Douglas K.
Making the Heartland Quilt: A Geographical History of Settlement and Migration in Early-Nineteenth-Century Illinois (2000). ISBN 0809322897.
*Kleppner, Paul. Political Atlas of Illinois (1988). ISBN 0875801366. Maps for 1980s.
* Pease, Theodore Calvin.
The Frontier State, 1818-1848 (1918). ISBN 0252013387 . Volume II of a series published by the Illinois Centennial Commission.
* James R. Grossman, Ann Durkin Keating, and Janice L. Reiff, eds.
The Encyclopedia of Chicago (2004). ISBN 0226310159. online version; major scholarly guide to the metro area's history, geography, and culture
*
Peck, J. M. A Gazetteer of Illinois (1837). ISBN 1556137826.
* Sutton, Robert P. ed.
The Prairie State: A Documentary History of Illinois (1977). ISBN 0802816517.
*
Works Progress Administration.
Illinois: A Descriptive and Historical Guide (1939). ISBN 0394721950. One of the most famous surveys--covers every town and city and much more.
*
State of Illinois Web Site*
Illinois Employment - State and County Data
*
U.S. Census Bureau*
County Maps Illinois Full color county maps. List of cities, towns and county seats
*
Illinois State Facts
