Insolubilia
In the
Middle Ages, variations on the
liar paradox were studied under the name of
insolubilia (insolubles).
Although the liar paradox was well known in
antiquity, interest seems to have lapsed until the
twelfth century, when it appears to have been reinvented independently of ancient authors. Medieval interest may have been inspired by a passage in the
Sophistical Refutations of
Aristotle. Although the
Sophistical Refutations are consistently cited by medieval logicians from the earliest
insolubilia literature, medieval studies of insolubilia go well beyond Aristotle. Other ancient sources which could suggest the liar paradox, including
Saint Augustine,
Cicero, and the quotation of
Epimenides appearing the
Epistle to Titus, were not cited in discussions of
insolubilia.
Adam of Balsham mentioned, in passing, some paradoxical statements (dated to 1132), but he did not dwell on the difficulties raised by these statements.
Alexander Neckham, writing later in the twelfth century, explicitly recognized the paradoxical nature of insolubilia, but did not attempt to resolve the inconsistent implications of the paradox. The first resolution was given by an anonymous author at the end of the twelfth or beginning of the thirteenth century. There was an established literature on the topic by about 1320, when
Thomas Bradwardine prefaced his own discussion of
insolubilia with nine views then current. Interest in
insolubilia continued throughout the fourteenth century.
The medieval
insolubilia literature seems to treat these paradoxes as difficult but not truly "insoluble", and, though interesting and meriting investigation, not central to the study of logic. This may be contrasted with modern studies of self-referential paradoxes such as
Russell's paradox, in which the problems are seen as fundamentally insoluble, and central to the foundations of logic.
*
Insolubles (at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
