Jabba the Hutt
Although a relatively minor character in
Star Wars fiction, Jabba the Hutt has appeared in three of the six
Star Wars films. The character has a recurring role in Expanded Universe literature and is the
protagonist of the comic book anthology
Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal (1998), a collection of comics published between 1995 and 1996.
Star Wars films
Jabba the Hutt is mentioned in
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope (1977), but his first appearance on film came in 1983 with the third installment of the
original Star Wars trilogy,
Return of the Jedi. Directed by
Richard Marquand and written by
Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas, the first act of
Return of the Jedi features the attempts of
Princess Leia Organa (
Carrie Fisher), the
Wookiee Chewbacca (
Peter Mayhew), and
Jedi knight Luke Skywalker (
Mark Hamill) to rescue their friend,
Han Solo (
Harrison Ford), who had been imprisoned in
carbonite in the events of the previous film,
Star Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back (1980).
The captured Han is delivered to Jabba by the bounty hunter
Boba Fett (
Jeremy Bulloch) and placed on display in the crime lord's throne room. Friends of Han such as
Lando Calrissian (
Billy Dee Williams), droids
C-3PO (
Anthony Daniels) and
R2-D2 (
Kenny Baker), Leia, and Chewbacca manage to infiltrate Jabba's palace as part of a plot to save Han. While walking to the palace, C-3PO tells R2-D2, "If I told you half the things I've heard about this Jabba the Hutt, you'd probably short circuit." Shortly after Leia herself is captured and enslaved by the Hutt, Luke arrives to "bargain for Solo's life". Luke, however, is dropped into the pit of the monstrous
rancor, just below Jabba's throne room. After Luke slays the beast, Jabba condemns Luke, Han, and Chewbacca to a slow death in the belly of the
Sarlacc, a large alien creature in Tatooine's
Dune Sea. "In his belly," C-3PO reluctantly announces, "you will find a new definition of pain and suffering as you are slowly digested over a thousand years." The execution turns into a skirmish at the Great Pit of Carkoon where Luke escapes execution with the help of R2-D2 and defeats Jabba's guards. During the subsequent confusion, Leia strangles the Hutt to death with her slave chains. Luke, Leia, C-3PO, and R2-D2 escape just before Jabba's sail barge explodes, killing all inside.
The second film appearance of Jabba the Hutt is in the
Special Edition of
A New Hope which was released in 1997 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the original
Star Wars. Han Solo has a confrontation in a
Mos Eisley cantina with an alien bounty hunter named
Greedo (Paul Blake and Maria De Aragon) that ends with Greedo's death. According to Greedo, Jabba "has no use for smugglers who drop their shipments at the first sign of an
Imperial cruiser." Jabba had hired Han to smuggle the illicit drug
spice from the planet
Kessel. Han, however, was forced to dump his cargo when an
Imperial search team boarded the
Millennium Falcon, Han's ship. Greedo tells Han, "Jabba's put a
price on your head so large, every bounty hunter in the galaxy will be looking for you." In a scene that had been cut from the 1977 original, Jabba and an entourage of bounty hunters are seen in a hangar bay outside the
Millennium Falcon, trying to find the smuggler. Jabba confirms Greedo's last words and demands that Han pay the value of the shipment. Han promises to compensate Jabba as soon as he receives payment for delivering "goods"—
Obi-Wan Kenobi (
Alec Guiness), Luke Skywalker, R2-D2, and C-3PO—to the planet
Alderaan. Jabba warns Han that if he is not paid back soon, he will post a bounty "so big, you won't be able to go near a civilized system." Due to circumstances beyond Han's control, however, he never completes his deal with the Hutt.
Jabba the Hutt's final film appearance is in the 1999
prequel,
Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace. The character's scene is
minor and has little to do with the plot of the film. During the
Boonta Eve Classic podrace at
Mos Espa on Tatooine, in which nine-year-old
Anakin Skywalker (
Jake Lloyd) wins his freedom by outracing his competitors, Jabba the Hutt is featured in his grandstand accompanied by
Gardulla the Hutt (a Hutt female) and his
Twi'lek majordomo Bib Fortuna (
Matthew Wood). Although he is the host of the race, Jabba is totally uninterested and even dozes off, missing the race's conclusion.
["Mos Espa Grand Arena" at the Star Wars Databank; last accessed July 3, 2006.]Star Wars literature
|
Expanded Universe comics like Jabba the Hutt: The Gaar Suppoon Hit (1995) detail how Jabba built his criminal empire. |
The first appearances of Jabba the Hutt in
Star Wars Expanded Universe literature was in
Marvel Comics's
non-canonical adaptations of
A New Hope.
Six Against the Galaxy (1977) by
Roy Thomas and
What Ever Happened to Jabba the Hut? (1979) and
In Mortal Combat (1980), both by
Archie Goodwin, depict Jabba the Hutt (originally spelled
Hut) as a tall humanoid with a walrus-like face, a
topknot, and a bright uniform. The Marvel artists based Jabba on a character later named
Mosep Binneed, an alien visible only briefly in the Mos Eisley cantina scene of
A New Hope.
[Roy Thomas, Marvel Star Wars #2: Six Against the Galaxy (Marvel, August 1977).][Archie Goodwin, Marvel Star Wars #28: What Ever Happened to Jabba the Hut? (Marvel, October 1979).][Archie Goodwin, Marvel Star Wars #37: In Mortal Combat (Marvel, July 1980).][Jabba the Hutt, Behind the Scenes, Star Wars Databank; last accessed July 3, 2006.] The 1977
mass market paperback novelization of George Lucas's
Star Wars script describes Jabba as a "great mobile tub of muscle and
suet topped by a shaggy scarred skull", but gives no further detail as to the character's physical appearance or species.
[George Lucas, Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker (paperback; New York: Del Rey, 1977), p. 107, ISBN 0345260791.] |
The first depictions of Jabba the Hutt in the Expanded Universe were based on Mosep Binneed, a background character in A New Hope (1977). |
Later Expanded Universe novels and comics adopt the character's image as seen in the film. They also elaborate on his background prior to the events of the
Star Wars films. For example,
Zorba the Hutt's Revenge (1992), a
young adult novel by
Paul and Hollace Davids, reveals that Jabba's father is a powerful crime lord called
Zorba the Hutt and that Jabba was born in the
Star Wars year 596
BBY, making him around 600-years-old at the time of his death in
Return of the Jedi.
[Paul Davids and Hollace Davids, Zorba the Hutt's Revenge (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1992), ISBN 0553158899.] Science fiction writer
Ann C. Crispin's novel
The Hutt Gambit (1997) explains how Jabba the Hutt and Han Solo become business associates and tells of the events that lead to a bounty being placed on Han's head.
[A. C. Crispin, The Hutt Gambit (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1997), ISBN 0553574167.] Other Expanded Universe stories—especially the anthology of
Dark Horse comics by
Jim Woodring titled
Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal (1998)—likewise detail Jabba the Hutt's rise to the head of the Desilijic clan, his role in the criminal underworld of the
Star Wars universe, and the establishment of his
crime syndicate on Tatooine in the
Star Wars galaxy's
Outer Rim Territories.
[Jim Woodring, Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal (Dark Horse Comics, 1998), ISBN 1569713103.]Tales from Jabba's Palace (1996), a collection of short stories edited by science fiction author
Kevin J. Anderson, pieces together the lives of Jabba the Hutt's various minions in his palace and their relationship to him during the last days of his life. The stories reveal that few of the Hutt's henchmen were loyal to him and most were in fact plotting to have him assassinated. When Jabba the Hutt is killed at the Great Pit of Carkoon, those who survive the conflict along with Jabba's rivals on Tatooine and his family on the Hutt homeworld
Nal Hutta make claims to his palace, fortune, and criminal empire.
[Kevin J. Anderson, ed., Tales from Jabba's Palace (paperback; New York: Bantam Spectra, 1996), ISBN 0553568159.] Timothy Zahn's novel
Heir to the Empire (1991) tells that a smuggler named
Talon Karrde eventually replaces Jabba as the "big fish in the pond", as Zahn puts it, and moves the headquarters of the Hutt's criminal empire off Tatooine.
[Timothy Zahn, Heir to the Empire (paperback; New York: Bantam Spectra, 1991), p. 27, ISBN 0553296124.] |
In this scene from A New Hope, Han Solo sarcastically tells Jabba the Hutt, "You're a wonderful human being." |
According to film historian Murray Pomerance, Jabba the Hutt possesses negative characteristics that include vice, lust, greed, and gluttony.
[Murray Pomerance, "Hitchcock and the Dramaturgy of Screen Violence", in Steven Jay Schneider, ed., New Hollywood Violence (Manchester, Eng.: Manchester University Press, 2004), p. 47, ISBN 0719067235.] The character is known throughout the
Stars Wars universe as a "vile gangster"
[From the title crawl of Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi; also a description from the Return of the Jedi novelization at Del Rey; last accessed July 3, 2006.] who amuses himself by torturing and humiliating his subjects and enemies. He surrounds himself with scantily-clad slave girls of all species, chaining many of them to his
dais. The
Star Wars Databank—an official online database of
Star Wars information—remarks that residents of his palace are not safe from his desire to dominate and torture. Jabba would send even his most loyal servants and prized possessions to their deaths.
For example, in
Return of the Jedi, the alien slave dancer
Oola is fed to the rancor monster because she fails to satisfy his lust.
[Kathy Tyers, "A Time to Mourn, A Time to Dance: Oola's Tale", in Anderson, ed., Tales from Jabba's Palace, p. 80.]Jabba the Hutt's physical appearance is as grotesque as his character and reinforces his personality as a criminal deviant. As Han Solo puts it in
Return of the Jedi, Jabba is a "slimy piece of worm-ridden filth". Film critic
Roger Ebert describes him as "a cross between a toad and the
Cheshire Cat",
[Roger Ebert, review of Return of the Jedi, Chicago Sun-Times, 25 May 1983, at RogerEbert.com; last accessed July 3, 2006.] and
astrophysicist and science fiction writer Jeanne Cavelos gives Jabba the "award for most disgusting alien."
[Jeanne Cavelos, "Just Because It Goes 'Ho Ho Ho' Doesn't Mean It's Santa", The Science of Star Wars: An Astrophysicist's Independent Examination of Space Travel, Aliens, Planets, and Robots as Portrayed in the Star Wars Films and Books (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), p. 57, ISBN 0312209584.] Science fiction authors
Tom and Martha Veitch write that Jabba's body is a "miasmic mass" of flesh that shakes as he laughs. He emits an unmistakable smell: "The Hutt's lardaceous body seemed to periodically release a greasy discharge, sending fresh waves of rotten stench" into the air. His swollen tongue drips with saliva as he feeds on creatures that resemble frogs and maggots.
[Tom Veitch and Martha Veitch, "A Hunter's Fate: Greedo's Tale", in Kevin J. Anderson, ed., Tales from the Mos Eisley Cantina (paperback; New York: Bantam Spectra, 1995), pp. 49-53, ISBN 0553564684.] Jabba's appetite is insatiable and he is not discriminatory about his diet. For example, his
court jester, the Kowakian monkey-lizard
Salacious Crumb, must make the Hutt crime lord laugh once a day, every day, or Jabba will eat him.
[Ryder Windham, This Crumb for Hire, in A Decade of Dark Horse #2 (Dark Horse Comics, 1996).][Esther M. Friesner, "That's Entertainment: The Tale of Salacious Crumb", in Anderson, ed., Tales from Jabba's Palace, pp. 60-79.]Despite Jabba's overall negative personality and character, the Hutt at times demonstrates rare instances of charity. For instance, in one Expanded Universe story, Jabba the Hutt prevents a Chevin named
Ephant Mon from freezing to death on an ice planet by covering him with his bloated layers of fat; the two are eventually rescued, and Ephant Mon becomes totally loyal to the crime lord, making him the only resident of Jabba's palace that is completely trusted by the Hutt.
[Ephant Mon, Expanded Universe Star Wars Databank; last accessed July 3, 2006.]Jabba the Hutt's appearance underwent several changes between different versions of the films. The shift in the concept of Jabba the Hutt from a furry creature to a slug and from a puppet to CGI represent two of the more glaring changes to the character in the concept and creation process.
Episode IV: A New Hope
The original script to
A New Hope describes Jabba as a "fat, slug-like creature with eyes on extended feelers and a huge ugly mouth",
but Lucas stated in an interview that the initial character he had in mind was much furrier and resembled a Wookiee. When filming the scene between Han Solo and Jabba in 1976, Lucas employed
North Irish actor
Declan Mulholland to play the stand-in and read Jabba the Hutt's lines wearing a shaggy brown suit. Lucas planned to replace Mulholland in post-production with a
stop-motion creature. The scene was meant to connect
A New Hope to
Return of the Jedi and explain why Han Solo was imprisoned at the end of
The Empire Strikes Back.
[George Lucas interview, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, Special Edition (VHS, 20th Century-Fox, 1997).] Nevertheless, Lucas decided to leave the scene out of the final film on account of budget and time constraints and because he felt that it did not enhance the film's plot.
[George Lucas commentary, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, Special Edition (DVD, 20th Century-Fox, 2004).]Lucas revisited the scene in the 1997 Special Edition release of
A New Hope, restoring the sequence and replacing Mulholland with a CGI version of Jabba the Hutt and the English dialogue with
Huttese, a fictional language created by sound designer
Ben Burtt. Joseph Letteri, the visual effects supervisor for the Special Edition, explained that the ultimate goal of the revised scene was to make it look as if Jabba the Hutt was actually on the set talking to and acting with Harrison Ford and that the crew had merely photographed it. Letteri stated that the new scene consisted of five shots that took over a year to complete.
[Joseph Letteri interview, Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope, Special Edition (VHS, 20th Century-Fox, 1997).]["A New Hope: Special Edition - What has changed?: Jabba the Hutt", 15 January 1997, at StarWars.com; last accessed July 3, 2006.] The scene was polished further for the 2004 release on
DVD, improving Jabba's appearance with advancements in CGI techniques, although neither release looks exactly like the original Jabba the Hutt puppet.
["Star Wars: The Changes - Part One" at DVDActic.com; last accessed July 3, 2006.] Lucas confesses that some people were upset about the CGI Jabba's appearance, most complaining that the character (and others like it) "looked fake". Lucas dismisses this, stating that whether a character is portrayed as a puppet or as CGI, it will always be "fake" since the character is not real. He says he sees no difference between a puppet made of latex and one generated by a computer.
[George Lucas commentary, Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Special Edition (DVD, 20th Century-Fox, 2004).] The CGI character performed actions that the puppet could not, such as walking. Jabba's last film appearance in
The Phantom Menace was as a CGI based on the character from
A New Hope.
Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
Lucas based the CGI on the character as he originally appeared in
Return of the Jedi. In this film, Jabba the Hutt is an immense, sedentary, slug-like creature designed by Lucas's
Industrial Light and Magic Creature Shop. According to the 1985 documentary
From Star Wars to Jedi, Lucas rejected initial designs of the character. One made Jabba appear too human—almost like a
Fu Manchu character—while a second made him look too snail-like. Lucas finally settled on a design that was a hybrid of the two.
[From Star Wars to Jedi: The Making of a Saga, narrated by Mark Hamill (1985; VHS, CBS Fox Video, 1992).] Designed by visual effects artist
Phil Tippett,
[Biography of Phil Tippett at StarWars.com; last accessed July 3, 2006.] Jabba the Hutt was inspired by the anatomy of several animal species. His body structure and reproductive processes were based on
annelid worms, hairless animals that have no skeleton and are
hermaphroditic. Jabba's head was modeled after that of a snake, complete with bulbous, slit-pupilled eyes and a mouth that opens wide enough to swallow large prey. His skin was given moist, amphibian qualities. Jabba's design would come to represent almost all members of the Hutt species in subsequent
Star Wars fiction.
In
Return of the Jedi, Jabba is portrayed by a one-ton puppet that took three months and half a million dollars to construct. While filming the movie, the puppet had its own makeup artist. The puppet required three puppeteers to operate, making it one of the largest ever used in a motion picture.
designed the puppet, while John Coppinger sculpted its
latex, clay, and foam pieces. Puppeteers included David Alan Barclay, Toby Philpott, and
Mike Edmonds, who were members of
Jim Henson's
Muppet group. Barclay operated the right arm and mouth and read the character's English dialogue, while Philpott controlled the left arm, head, and tongue. Edmonds, the shortest of the three men (he also played the
Ewok Logray in later scenes) was responsible for the movement of Jabba's tail. The eyes and facial expressions were operated by
radio control.
|
Design of the Jabba the Hutt puppet for Return of the Jedi |
Lucas voiced displeasure in the puppet's appearance and immobility, complaining that the puppet had to be moved around the set to film different scenes. In the DVD commentary to the Special Edition of
Return of the Jedi, Lucas notes that if the technology had been available in 1983, Jabba the Hutt would have been a CGI character similar to the one that appears in the Special Edition scene of
A New Hope.
Jabba the Hutt only speaks Huttese on film, but his lines are subtitled for audience comprehension. His voice and Huttese-language dialogue were performed by
voice actor Larry Ward, whose work is listed in the end credits.
[Larry Ward at the Internet Movie Database; last accessed July 3, 2006.] A heavy, booming quality was given to Ward's voice by
pitching it an
octave lower than normal and processing it through a
sub-harmonic generator.
[Tomlinson Holman, Sound for Film and Television (Burlington, Mass.: Focal Press, 2002), p. 11, ISBN 0240804538.] A
soundtrack was recorded to accompany the movement of the puppet's limbs and mouth. The sound effects were created by a hand running through a bowl of
cheese casserole and a muddy towel scraping along the inside of a garbage can.
[Ben Burtt commentary, Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi, Special Edition (DVD, 20th Century-Fox, 2004).]Jabba the Hutt's musical theme throughout the film, composed by
John Williams, is played on a
tuba. One reviewer of
Return of the Jedi's soundtrack comments, "Among the new thematic ideas [of the score is] Jabba the Hutt's cute tuba piece (playing along the
politically incorrect lines of tubas representing fatness) ...."
[Review of Return of the Jedi soundtrack by Filmtracks.com; last accessed July 3, 2006.] Williams later turned the theme into a
symphonic piece performed by the
Boston Pops Orchestra featuring a tuba solo by Chester Schmitz. The role of the piece in film and popular culture has become a focus of study by
musicologists such as Gerald Sloan, who says Williams's piece "blends the monstrous and the lyrical."
[Gerald Sloan, "Yuba Meets Jabba: The Expanding Role of Tuba in Film Music", TUBA Journal, quoted in "Evening The Score: UA Professor Explores Tuba Music In Film", 27 June 2000, at University of Arkansas Daily Digest; last accessed July 3, 2006.]With the premiere of
Return of Jedi in 1983 and the accompanying merchandising campaign, Jabba the Hutt became an icon in American
popular culture. The character was produced and marketed as a series of action figure playsets by
Kenner/
Hasbro from 1983 to 2004.
[A complete Jabba the Hutt playset sold by Kenner in 1983 was valued at $70 in 2003 by collectors if in mint condition and with original packaging. See Geoffrey T Carlton, Star Wars Super Collector's Wish Book: Identification & Values (Paducah, Ky.: Collector Books, 2003), p. 13, ISBN 1574323342.] In the 1990s, Jabba the Hutt became the protagonist in his own comic book series collectively titled
Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal.
[Richard von Busack, "Jabba the Hutt slimes his way through a new graphic novel," review of Jabba the Hutt: The Art of the Deal at Metroactive Books; last accessed July 3, 2006.] |
Packaging for the Jabba the Hutt action figure playset distributed by Kenner in 1983 as part of the merchandising campaign for Return of the Jedi. |
Jabba's role in popular culture extends beyond the
Star Wars universe and its fans. In
Mel Brooks's
Star Wars spoof Spaceballs (1987), Jabba the Hutt is
parodied as the character
Pizza the Hutt, a cheesy blob shaped like a slice of pizza whose name is a double pun on Jabba the Hutt and the restaurant franchise
Pizza Hut. Like Jabba, Pizza the Hutt is a
loan shark and mobster. The character meets his demise at the end of
Spaceballs when he "[becomes] locked in his car and [eats] himself to death".
[Mel Brooks, Spaceballs (MGM, 1987).] The
Smithsonian Institution's
National Air and Space Museum in
Washington, D.C., included a display on Jabba the Hutt in the temporary
exhibition Star Wars: The Myth of Magic, which closed in 1999. Jabba's display was called "The Hero's Return," referencing Luke Skywalker's journey toward becoming a Jedi.
["The Hero's Return", Star Wars: The Myth of Magic exhibition at National Air and Space Museum; last accessed July 3, 2006.]Jabba the Hutt in mass media
Since the release of
Return of the Jedi, the name
Jabba the Hutt has become synonymous in American
mass media with repulsive obesity and corruption. The name is frequently utilized as a literary device—either as a
simile or
metaphor—to illustrate
character flaws. For example, in
Under the Duvet (2001),
Marian Keyes references a problem with
gluttony when she writes, "wheel out the birthday cake, I feel a Jabba the Hutt moment coming on."
[Marian Keyes, Under the Duvet: Shoes, Reviews, Having the Blues, Builders, Babies, Families and Other Calamities (New York: HarperCollins, 2001), p. 199, ISBN 0060562080.] Likewise, in the novel
Steps and Exes: A Novel of Family (2000), Laura Kalpakian uses Jabba the Hutt to emphasize the weight of a character's father: "The girls used to call Janice's parents Jabba the Hutt and the Wookie [
sic]. But then Jabba (Janice's father) died, and it didn't seem right to speak of the dead on those terms."
[Laura Kalpakian, Steps and Exes: A Novel of Family (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), p. 58, ISBN 0380806592.]In his book of humor and popular culture,
The Dharma of Star Wars (2005), writer Matthew Bortolin attempts to show similarities between
Buddhist teachings and aspects of
Star Wars fiction. Bartolin insists that if a person makes decisions that Jabba the Hutt would make, then that person is not practicing the proper spiritual concept of
dharma. Bortolin's book reinforces the idea that Jabba's name is synonymous with negativity:
One way to see if we are practicing right livelihood is to compare our trade with that of Jabba the Hutt. Jabba has his fat, stubby fingers in many of the pots that led to the dark side. He dealt largely in illegal "spice" tradeâ€"an illicit drug in the Star Wars galaxy. He also transacts business in the slave trade. He has many slaves himself, and some he fed to the Rancor, a creature he kept caged and tormented in his dungeon. Jabba uses deception and violence to maintain his position.[Matthew Bortolin, The Dharma of Star Wars (Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications, 2005), p. 139, ISBN 0861714970.]
Outside literature, the character's name has become an insulting
term of disparagement. To say that someone "looks like Jabba the Hutt" is commonly understood as a slur to impugn that person's weight and/or appearance.
The term is often employed by the media as an attack on prominent figures. For instance, actress and comedian
Roseanne endured what W. C. Goodman called "vitriolic attacks based on her weight" at the hands of
New York Observer columnist Michael Thomas who often compared her with
"Star Wars blob monster" Jabba the Hutt.
[W. C. Goodman, The Invisible Woman: Confronting Weight Prejudice in America (Carlsbad Calif.: GĂĽrze Books, 1995), p. 57, ISBN 0936077107.] In an episode of the animated television series
South Park titled "
Starvin' Marvin in Space" that aired in 1999,
Christian Children's Fund spokeswoman
Sally Struthers is portrayed as the Hutt and accused of gorging herself on food relief meant for starving
Ethiopians.
["Starvin' Marvin in Space", Episode 311, South Park, 17 November 1999 (DVD, Paramount, 2003).]In another sense of the term, Jabba the Hutt has come to represent greed and
anarchy, especially in the business world.
For instance,
Michael Jordan biographer Mitchell Krugel uses the term to disparage
Chicago Bulls's general manager
Jerry Krause after Krause made a comment about Jordan and other players' multi-million dollar contracts: "Krause added to his Jabba the Hutt image during the media gathering that preceded the opening of camp when he answered a question about the prospect of rebuilding the Bulls without
Phil or Michael in the imminent future by saying, 'Organizations win championships. Players and coaches are parts of organizations'."
[Mitchell Krugel, One Last Shot: The Story of Michael Jordan's Comeback (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003), p. 55, ISBN 0312992238.]Jabba the Hutt has likewise become a popular means of caricature in American politics. For example, opponents of
California Democratic legislator
Jackie Goldberg commonly depict the politician as the
Star Wars character. The
Los Angeles Daily News has caricatured her in cartoons as a grotesquely overweight Jabba the Hutt-like figure and the
New Times LA referred to Goldberg as "a human Jabba the Hutt who consumes the good while producing the bad."
[Patrick Mallon, California Dictatorship (Philadelphia: Xlibris, 2004), p. 235, ISBN 1413467970.] William G. Ouchi uses the term to describe what he sees as the ineffecient
bureaucracy of the public school system: "With all of these unnecessary layers of organizational fat, school districts have come to resemble Jabba the Huttâ€"the pirate leader in
Star Wars."
[William G. Ouchi, Making Schools Work: A Revolutionary Plan to Get Your Children the Education They Need (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2003), p. 96, ISBN 0743246306.]
*Mangels, Andy. The Essential Guide to Characters. New York: Del Rey, 1995. ISBN 0345395352.
*Reynolds, David West. Star Wars Episode I: The Visual Dictionary. New York: DK Publishing, 1999. ISBN 0789447010.
*Wallace, Daniel. The New Essential Guide to Characters. New York: Del Rey, 2002. ISBN 0345449002.
*Wallace, Daniel, and Kevin J. Anderson. The New Essential Chronology. New York: Del Rey, 2005. ISBN 0345490533.
*Wixted, Martin. Star Wars Galaxy Guide 7: Mos Eisley. Honesdale, Penn.: West End Games, 1993. ISBN 087431187X.
*
Jabba the Hutt at the
Star Wars Databank.
*
Jabba the Hutt on
Wookieepedia, The Star Wars Wiki
