Kansas
For
millenia, the land that is presently Kansas was inhabited by
Native Americans.
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado was the first European to set foot in present-day Kansas, exploring the area in 1541. In 1803, most of Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the
Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico, and the Republic of Texas until the conclusion of the
Mexican-American War. From 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the
Missouri Territory. The
Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from
Missouri and
silver and furs from
Santa Fe, New Mexico. Wagon ruts from the trail are still visible today.
In 1827,
Fort Leavenworth became the first permanent settlement of white Americans in the future state. The
Kansas-Nebraska Act became law on
May 30,
1854 establishing the
U.S. territories of
Nebraska and Kansas.
Kansas Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day
Denver,
Colorado Springs, and
Pueblo.
Some of the first Americans to settle in Kansas Territory were
abolitionists from
Massachusetts and other
Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring
Missouri. Directly presaging the
American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of
Bleeding Kansas. Kansas was admitted to the United States as a
free state on
January 29,
1861, making it the 34th state to enter the Union. By that time the violence in Kansas had largely subsided. However, during the Civil War, on
August 21,
1863,
William Quantrill led Quantrill's Raid into
Lawrence, destroying much of the city and killing almost two hundred people.
After the Civil War, many veterans constructed homesteads in Kansas. The
Chisholm Trail was opened and the
Wild West era commenced in Kansas.
Wild Bill Hickok was a deputy marshal at
Fort Riley and a marshal at
Hays and
Abilene.
Dodge City was another wild cowboy town in the late
19th century. In one year alone, 8 million head of cattle from Texas boarded trains in Dodge City bound for the East, earning Dodge the nickname "Queen of the Cowtowns."
Bat Masterson and
Wyatt Earp were both lawmen in Dodge City. In part as a response to the violence perpetrated by cowboys, on
February 19,
1881, Kansas became the first U.S. state to prohibit all
alcoholic beverages.
The largest reported ancestries in the state are:
German (25.9%),
Irish (11.5%),
English (10.8%),
American (8.8%),
French (3.1%), and
Swedish (2.4%).
Americans of British ancestry are common throughout Kansas, as are
German-Americans. People of German ancestry are especially strong in the northwest, people of British ancestry and descendants of white Americans from other states are especially strong in the southeast. Mexicans are present in the southwest and make up nearly half the population in certain counties. Many African Americans in Kansas are descended from the "Exodusters", newly freed blacks who fled the South for land in Kansas following the Civil War.
Religion
The religious affiliations of the people of Kansas are as follows:
*
Christian – 82%
**
Protestant – 60%
***
Methodist – 14%
***
Baptist – 14%
***
Lutheran – 4%
***
Presbyterian – 3%
***
Church of Christ – 3%
***
Mennonite/
Pietist – 1%
***Other Protestant – 21%
**
Roman Catholic – 20%
**Other Christian – 2%
*Other Religions – 1%
*Non-Religious – 17%
Rural flight
Kansas, as well as five other Midwest states (
Nebraska,
Oklahoma,
North and
South Dakota and
Iowa), is feeling the brunt of falling populations. 89% of the total number of cities in those states have fewer than 3000 people; hundreds have fewer than 1000. There are more than 6,000
Ghost Towns in the state, according to Kansas historian Daniel Fitzgerald. Between 1996 and 2004, almost half a million people, nearly half with college degrees, left the six states.
"Rural flight" as it is called has led to offers of free land and tax breaks as enticements to newcomers.
The 2003 total gross state product of Kansas was US$93 billion, an increase of 4.3% over the prior year, but trailing the national average increase of 4.8%. Its per-capita income was US$29,438. The December 2003 unemployment rate was 4.9%. The agricultural outputs of the state are cattle, sheep, wheat, sorghum, soybeans, cotton, hogs, corn, and salt. The industrial outputs are transportation equipment, commercial and private aircraft, food processing, publishing, chemical products, machinery, apparel, petroleum and mining.
Kansas ranks 8th in U.S.
oil production. Production has experienced a steady, natural decline as it becomes increasingly difficult to extract oil over time. Since oil prices bottomed in 1999, oil production has remained fairly constant, with an average monthly rate of about 2.8 million barrels in 2004. The
recent higher prices have made
carbon dioxide sequestration and other oil recovery techniques more economical.
Kansas ranks 8th in U.S.
natural gas production. Production has steadily declined since the mid-1990's with the depletion of the Hugoton
natural gas fieldâ€"the state's largest field which extends into Oklahoma and Texas. In 2004, slower declines in the Hugoton gas fields and increased
coalbed methane production contributed to a smaller overall decline. Average monthly production was over 32 billion cubic feet (0.9 km³).
Kansas is the nation's second largest producer of beef cattle, behind only
Texas. Kansas is one of the most productive agricultural states, leading the nation in
wheat production.
Kansas has 3 income brackets for income tax calculation, ranging from 3.5% to 6.45%.The state sales tax in Kansas is 5.3 percent. Various cities and counties in Kansas have an additional local sales tax. Except during the 2001
recession (March–November 2001) when monthly sales tax collections were flat, collections have trended higher as the economy has grown and two rate increases have been enacted. Total sales tax collections for 2003 amounted to $1.63 billion, compared to $805.3 million in 1990.
Revenue shortfalls resulting from lower than expected tax collections and slower growth in personal income following a 1998 permanent tax reduction has contributed to the substantial growth in the state's debt level as bonded debt increased from $1.16 billion in 1998 to $3.83 billion in 2006. Some increase in debt was expected as the state continues with its 10-year Comprehensive Transportation Program enacted in 1999. As of June 2004,
Moody's Investors Service ranked the state 14th for net tax-supported debt per capita. As a percentage of personal income, it was at 3.8%â€"above the median value of 2.5% for all rated states and having risen from a value of less than 1% in 1992. The state has a statutory requirement to maintain cash reserves of at least 7.5% of expenses at the end of each fiscal year.
Major employers in Kansas include the
Sprint Nextel Corporation (with operational headquarters in
Overland Park),
Cessna (
Wichita),
Learjet Inc. (
Wichita)
Raytheon (mostly in
Wichita),
Hallmark Cards (Topeka, Lawrence & Kansas City),
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Topeka),
Applebee's (Overland Park),
Payless Shoes (National headquarters and major distribution facilities in Topeka),
Koch Industries (Wichita), Department of Defense (Ft.Riley/Junction City and Fort Leavenworth) and
Boeing and
Spirit AeroSystems (Wichita).
Kansas is served by two
Interstate highways with two
spur routes, three
bypasses, and one
beltway over a total of 874 miles. The first section of Interstate in the nation was opened on
I-70 just west of
Topeka on
November 14,
1956. I-70 is a major east/west route connecting to
St. Louis and
Kansas City, Missouri, in the east and
Denver, Colorado, in the west. Cities along this route (from east to west) include
Kansas City,
Lawrence,
Topeka,
Junction City,
Salina,
Hays, and
Colby.
I-35 is a major north/south route connecting to
Des Moines, Iowa, in the north and
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in the south. Cities along this route (from north to south) include Kansas City (and suburbs),
Ottawa,
Emporia,
El Dorado, and
Wichita.
Spur routes serve as connections between the two major routes.
I-135, a north/south route, connects I-70 at Salina to I-35 at Wichita.
I-335, a northeast/southwest route, connects I-70 at Topeka to I-35 at Emporia. I-335 and portions of I-35 and I-70 make up the
Kansas Turnpike. Bypasses include
I-470 around Topeka and
I-235 around Wichita.
I-435 is a beltway around the
Kansas City Metropolitan Area while
I-635 bypasses through Kansas City, Kansas.
In January 2004, the
Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) announced the new Kansas
511 traveler information service.
By dialing 511, callers will get access to information about road conditions, construction, closures, detours and weather conditions for the state highway system. Weather and road condition information is updated every 15 minutes.
State and Local Politics
The top executives of the state are Democrats:
Governor Kathleen Sebelius and Lieutenant Governor
John E. Moore. Both are elected on the same ticket to a maximum of two consecutive 4-year terms. Their current term will end in January of 2007, and they are able to run for re-election in 2006, although Moore has announced that he will not run on Sebelius' ticket this fall; Sebelius announced her candidacy for re-election on
May 26,
2006. The current Attorney General is Republican
Phill Kline; his office is also up for re-election in November of 2006.
The
legislative branch of the state government is the
Kansas Legislature. The
bicameral body consists of the
Kansas House of Representatives, with 125 members serving two year terms, and the
Kansas Senate, with 40 members serving four year terms.
Kansas has 628
incorporated cities. By state statute,
cities are divided into three classes as determined by the
population obtained "by any
census of enumeration". A city of the third class has a population of less than 5,000, but cities reaching a population of more than 2,000 may be certified as a city of the second class. The second class is limited to cities with a population of less than 25,000, and upon reaching a population of more than 15,000, they may be certified as a city of the first class. First and second class cities are independent of any
township and not included within the township's territory.
Largest cities with population of at least 10,000 | City | Population* | Growth rate** | Metro area |
|---|
| 1 | Wichita | 354,865 | 0.20% | Wichita |
| 2 | Overland Park | 164,811 | 1.89% | Kansas City |
| 3 | Kansas City | 144,210 | -0.35% | Kansas City |
| 4 | Topeka | 121,946 | -0.16% | Topeka |
| 5 | Olathe | 111,334 | 3.73% | Kansas City |
| 6 | Lawrence | 81,816 | 0.38% | Lawrence |
| 7 | Shawnee | 57,628 | 3.70% | Kansas City |
| 8 | Manhattan | 48,668 | 1.30% | ‡ |
| 9 | Salina | 45,956 | 0.08% | ‡ |
| 10 | Lenexa | 43,434 | 1.51% | Kansas City |
| 11 | Hutchinson | 40,961 | -0.41% | ‡ |
| 12 | Leavenworth | 35,213 | -0.15% | Kansas City |
| 13 | Leawood | 30,145 | 1.71% | Kansas City |
| 14 | Garden City | 27,098 | -1.01% | ‡ |
| 15 | Emporia | 26,456 | -0.27% | ‡ |
| 16 | Dodge City | 26,104 | 0.66% | ‡ |
| 17 | Prairie Village | 21,454 | -0.55% | Kansas City |
| 18 | Derby | 20,543 | 2.55% | Wichita |
| 19 | Liberal | 20,257 | 0.57% | ‡ |
| 20 | Hays | 19,632 | -0.38% | ‡ |
| 21 | Pittsburg | 19,214 | -0.04% | ‡ |
| 22 | Newton | 18,229 | 0.56% | Wichita |
| 23 | Junction City | 16,402 | -2.49% | Manhattan‡ |
| 24 | Great Bend | 15,440 | 0.12% | ‡ |
| 25 | Gardner | 14,317 | 9.60% | Kansas City |
| 26 | McPherson | 13,695 | -0.13% | ‡ |
| 27 | El Dorado | 12,659 | -0.25% | Wichita |
| 28 | Ottawa | 12,597 | 1.08% | Kansas City |
| 29 | Winfield | 11,861 | -0.58% | ‡ |
| 30 | Arkansas City | 11,581 | -0.65% | Winfield‡ |
| 31 | Parsons | 11,212 | -0.47% | ‡ |
| 32 | Merriam | 10,769 | -0.42% | Kansas City |
| 33 | Coffeyville | 10,359 | -1.22% | ‡ |
| 34 | Lansing | 10,214 | 1.98% | Kansas City |
| 35 | Atchison | 10,169 | -0.12% | ‡ |
*Estimated as of July 1, 2005
**Estimated annual growth rate 2000â€"2005
‡Defined as a micropolitan area |
Northeast Kansas
The northeastern portion of the state has a rich history and is home to more than 1.1 million people in the Kansas City, Lawrence, Topeka, and St. Joseph
metropolitan areas. In the
Kansas City Metropolitan Area, the cities of
Johnson County have some of the fastest growing populations and highest median incomes in the state.
Overland Park, a young city incorporated in 1960, has the largest population and the largest land area in the county. In
2006 Overland Park was ranked as the 6th best place to live in America.
Olathe came in at 13th. [
1]It is home to
Johnson County Community College, the state's largest
community college, and the corporate campus of
Sprint Nextel, the largest private employer in the metro area. The cities of
Olathe,
Shawnee, and
Gardner have some of the state's fastest growing populations. Olathe is the
county seat and home to
Johnson County Executive Airport. The cities of Overland Park,
Lenexa, Olathe, and Gardner are also notable because they lie along the former route of the
Santa Fe Trail. Among cities with at least one thousand residents,
Mission Hills has the highest median income in the state.
Several institutions of higher education are in the area including
MidAmerica Nazarene University in Olathe, Kansas City Kansas Community College and KU Medical Center in Kansas City, and KU Edwards Campus in Overland Park. Less than an hour's drive to the west,
Lawrence is home to the
University of Kansas, the largest public
university in the state, and
Haskell Indian Nations University.
To the north,
Kansas City, Kansas, with the second largest land area in the state, contains a number of diverse ethnic neighborhoods. Its attractions include
Kansas Speedway, the Woodlands, and
Kansas City T-Bones. Further up the
Missouri River, the city of
Lansing is home of the state's first maximum-security prison. Historic
Leavenworth, founded in 1854, was the first incorporated city in Kansas. North of the city,
Fort Leavenworth is the oldest active Army post west of the
Mississippi River. The city of
Atchison was an early commercial center in the state and is well-known as the birthplace of
Amelia Earhart.
To the west, nearly a quarter million people reside in the Topeka metropolitan area.
Topeka is the state
capital and home to
Washburn University. Built at a
Kansas River crossing along the old
Oregon Trail, this historic city has several nationally registered historic places. Further westward along
Interstate 70 and the Kansas River is
Junction City with its historic limestone and brick buildings and nearby
Fort Riley, well-known as the former home to the "
Big Red One". A short distance away, the city of
Manhattan is home to
Kansas State University, the second largest public university in the state and the nation's oldest land-grant university, dating back to 1863. South of the campus, Aggieville dates back to 1889 and is the state's oldest shopping district of its kind.
Wichita
In south-central Kansas, the four-county Wichita metropolitan area is home to nearly 600,000 people.
Wichita is the largest city in the state in terms of both land area and population. 'The Air Capital' is a major manufacturing center for the aircraft industry and the home of
Wichita State University. With a number of nationally registered historic places, museums, and other entertainment destinations, it has a desire to become a cultural mecca in the Midwest. Although Wichita's population growth has been anemic in recent years, surrounding suburbs are among the fastest growing cities in the state. The population of
Goddard has grown by more than 11% per year since 2000.
Other fast-growing cities include
Andover,
Park City,
Derby, and
Haysville.
Up river (the
Arkansas River) from Wichita is the city of
Hutchinson. The city was built on one of the world's largest salt deposits, and it has the world's largest and longest wheat elevator. It is also the home of
Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center and Prairie Dunes Country Club. North of Wichita along
Interstate 135 is the city of
Newton, the former western terminal of the
Santa Fe Railroad and trailhead for the famed
Chisholm Trail. To the southeast of Wichita are the cities of
Winfield and
Arkansas City with historic architecture and the
Cherokee Strip Museum (in Ark City). The city of
Udall was the site of the deadliest tornado in Kansas on
May 25,
1955; it killed 83 residents. To the southwest of the largest city in the state is
Freeport, the state's smallest incorporated city (population 8).
Around the state
Located midway between Kansas City, Topeka, and Wichita in the heart of the Bluestem Region of the
Flint Hills, the city of
Emporia has several nationally registered historic places and is the home of
Emporia State University, well-known for its Teachers College. It was also the home of newspaper man
William Allen White.
Southeast Kansas has a unique history with a number of nationally registered historic places in this coal-mining region. Located in
Crawford County (dubbed the Fried Chicken Capital of Kansas),
Pittsburg is the largest city in the region and the home of
Pittsburg State University. The neighboring city of
Frontenac in 1888 was the site of the worst mine disaster in the state in which an underground explosion killed 47 miners. "
Big Brutus" is located a mile and a half outside the city of
West Mineral. Along with the restored fort, historic
Fort Scott has a national cemetery designated by President Lincoln in 1862.
Salina is the largest city in central and north-central Kansas. South of Salina is the small city of
Lindsborg with its numerous
Dala horses. Much of the architecture and decor of this town has a distinctly Swedish style. To the east along
Interstate 70, the historic city of
Abilene was formerly a trailhead for the
Chisholm Trail and was the boyhood home of
President Eisenhower. Westward along the Interstate, the city of
Russell is the home of former U.S. Senator
Bob Dole and the boyhood home of U.S. Senator
Arlen Specter. The city of
Hays is home to
Fort Hays State University and the Sternberg Museum of Natural History, and is the largest city in sparsely-populated northwest Kansas. The "Cathedral of the Plains" is located 10 miles east of Hays in
Victoria, and the boyhood home of
Walter Chrysler is located 15 miles west of Hays in
Ellis.
Southwest Kansas, and
Dodge City in particular, is famously known for the cattle drive days of the late 19th century. The city of Dodge was built along the old
Santa Fe Trail route. The city of
Liberal is located along the southern Santa Fe Trail route. The first wind farm in the state was built east of
Montezuma.
Education in Kansas is governed primarily by the
Kansas State Board of Education (
web). On
August 9,
2005, the Board approved a draft of science curriculum standards that mandated equal time for the theories of "
evolution" and "
intelligent design" This echoes a previous decision in Kansas. In 1999, the Board ruled that instruction about evolution, the
age of the earth, and the
origin of the universe was permitted, but not mandatory, and that those topics would not appear on state standardized tests. However, the Board reversed this decision
February 14,
2001, ruling that instruction of all those topics was mandatory and that they would appear on standardized tests.
*
Kansas City T-Bones (baseball),
Wichita Wranglers (baseball),
Wichita Thunder (Hockey),
Dodge City Legend (basketball), (Salina)
Kansas Cagerz (basketball). All teams listed are minor-league teams..
* Although there are no
major professional sports league teams within Kansas itself, many Kansans support the sports teams of
Kansas City, Missouri, including the
Kansas City Royals (
MLB), the
Kansas City Chiefs (
NFL), and the
Kansas City Wizards (
MLS). All three teams play at the
Truman Sports Complex, located about 10 miles from the Kansas-Missouri state line. Persons in western Kansas may sometimes support the major league teams in
Denver, and those areas close to the Colorado state line have large pockets of fans of the
NFL's
Denver Broncos. A significant number of people who live close to the Oklahoma state line support the
Dallas Cowboys.
* Two major
auto racing facilities are situated in Kansas. The
Kansas Speedway located in Kansas City hosts races of the
NASCAR,
IRL, and
ARCA circuits. Also, the
National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) holds
drag racing events at
Heartland Park Topeka, situated in Topeka.
Famous Kansans
Kansas was home to
Louise Brooks (actress),
John Brown,
Langston Hughes (poet),
Coleman Hawkins (Jazz musician),
Amelia Earhart,
Carrie Nation,
Clark Kent,
President Eisenhower, and presidential candidates
Bob Dole and
Alf Landon. Famous athletes from Kansas include
Barry Sanders,
Gale Sayers,
John H. Outland,
Jim Ryun,
Walter Johnson,
Jackie Stiles,
Caroline Bruce,
John Riggins,
Maurice Greene, and
Lynette Woodard. Kansas is also home to coaches
Dean Smith,
Adolph Rupp, and
Tex Winter Despite its agricultural reputation, Kansas was home to industrial pioneers
Walter Chrysler of automotive fame,
Clyde Cessna (aviation),
Jack Kilby (microchip inventor) and
George Washington Carver (educator and scientist). Also home of Survivor: Guatemala winner
Danni Boatwright who will be a sideline reporter for cbs this fall.
Landmarks
* The disputed world's largest ball of twine, created
August 15,
1953, in
Cawker City.
*
Big Brutus, the world's second largest electric shovel resides in
West Mineral. It is 160 feet (49 m) tall and weighs 11 million pounds (5,000t).
*
S.P. Dinsmoor created the Garden of Eden in
Lucas in
1905, and opened it up to tourists in 1908. The garden features sculptures of biblical scenes and political messages. One scene has
labor being crucified by a doctor, lawyer, banker, and preacher. Dinsmoor even built his own mausoleum in which you can still see him today in his concrete coffin by paying for the tour. [
2]
*
Lucas is also home to the
Grassroots Art Center (
web). The museum features many works of art created by people with no formal training, and it sits only a block or two from the Garden of Eden.
* The
John Brown museum is located in
Osawatomie.
* The
Sunflower Army Ammunition Plant in
De Soto opened in 1942 to manufacture gunpowder and munitions propellants for
World War II. The closed plant sits on over 9,000
acres (36 km²) of land which was made up of more than 100 farms.
* The boyhood home of
Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Eisenhower Library, and his grave are located in
Abilene.
*The
Greyhound Hall of Fame(
web) is also located in Abilene.
*Abilene is the ending point of the
Chisholm Trail where the cattle driven from Texas were loaded onto rail cars.
* The house of
Carrie Nation, now a museum, is located in
Medicine Lodge.
* Constitution Hall in
Lecompton is the location where the Kansas Territorial Government convened and drafted a pro-slavery constitution. [
3]
* The Robert J. Dole Institute of Politics houses the largest collection of papers for a politician other than a president. The institute is located in
Lawrence, on the campus of the
University of Kansas. [
4]
* The
Boot Hill Museum in
Dodge City features
Old West memorabilia and history.
* The Wizard of Oz Museum in
Wamego features Dorothy's House, a recreation of the farm house featured in the film
The Wizard of Oz.
* The
National Teachers Hall of Fame(
web) is located in
Emporia.
* The
National Agricultural Center and Hall of Fame is located in
Bonner Springs.
* The
Horace Greeley museum is located in
Tribune.
* The
Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center, located in Hutchinson, is affiliated with the
Smithsonian Institute. The museum features the largest collection of artifacts from the Russian Space Program outside of Moscow. It is also home to
Apollo 13, an
SR-71 Blackbird, and many space artifacts.
* The
Boyer Gallery, a collection of animated sculptures made by Paul Boyer is located in
Belleville.
* The fifth largest collection of civilian and military aircraft in the United States is located at the
Mid-America Air Museum.
* The
Big Well, the world's largest hand dug
well, is in
Greensburg.
* The
Sternberg Museum of Natural History (
web) in
Hays, features exhibits of several
fossils discovered by
Charles Hazelius Sternberg as well as various temporary exhibits. [
5]
* Big Basin and Little Basin are two large sinkholes located in
Clark County.
*
Arikaree Breaks are
badlands located in
Cheyenne County, Kansas.
* The
Cimarron National Grassland, Kansas's largest tract of public land, is located in
Morton County.
*
Monument Rocks is a series of chalk arcs and other formations. Kansas also has many other formations of this nature.
* The boyhood home of General
Frederick Funston is located in
Iola. [
6]
* A replica of
Norman Number 1 (supposedly the first oil derrick west of the
Mississippi River) and a small museum dedicated to it are located near the chaimber of commerse building in
Neodesha (located in the eastern end of the town, just before its Main Street merges with U.S. 75). The original derrick and museum were located on Mill Street, but were abandoned shortly before erosion caused the derrick to collapse into the Verdigris River.
* The Dalton Defenders Museum, located in
Coffeyville, commemorates the townspeople who died defending the town against the
Dalton Gang, who unsuccessfully attempted to rob two Coffeyville banks simultaneously on October 5, 1892.
* The award-winning
Kansas Museum of History (
web) is the state museum, and is located in the capital city of Topeka.
*
List of Kansas-related topics*
List of people from Kansas*
Lists of places in Kansas*
Kansas.gov: the official website for the State of Kansas *
Kansas on the Net(county and city info)
*
Kansas History Online*
Cutler's History of Kansas*
Kansas Maps*
Kansas Department of Transportation maps*
Kansas State Constitution*
Kansas weather*
Kansas webcam directory*
Map of average annual precipitation at Oregon State University
*
Kansas Obituary Links Page*
GenealogyBuff.com - Kansas Library of Files*
Kansas Heritage the first Kansas history on the web*
Kansas Travel, Attractions and Restaurants*
Kansas State Historical Society*
Kansas State FactsReference notes
General reference
*Kansas, Inc. (April 2005)
Indicators of the Kansas Economy . Kansas economic information.
*
Kansas Board of Regents.
"Enrollment Headcount at Kansas State Universities—Fall 2004" .
*
U.S. Census Bureau.
**
Kansas QuickFacts. Geographic and demographic information.
**
Kansas - Race and Hispanic Origin: 1860 to 1990 
