Karlheinz Stockhausen

Karlheinz Stockhausen (born August 22 1928) is a German composer, one of the most important and controversial composers of the 20th century.

Life and work

Born in Burg Mödrath, near Cologne, he studied at the Cologne Musikhochschule and the University of Cologne (1947-51), at Darmstadt in 1951, with Olivier Messiaen and (for a very short time) with Darius Milhaud in Paris (1952-53). From 1954 to 1956, at the University of Bonn, he studied phonetics, acoustics, and information theory with Werner Meyer-Eppler. After lecturing at the Internationale Ferienkurse für Neue Musik at Darmstadt (1957), Stockhausen gave lectures and concerts in Europe, North America, and Asia.

Stockhausen has worked with a form of serial composition that set out from a rejection of the twelve-tone technique of Schoenberg, and electronic procedures, with spatial placements of sound sources (for example in his noted work Gesang der Jünglinge), and with graphical notation. Stockhausen sometimes departs radically from musical tradition and his work is influenced by Messiaen and Anton Webern, as well as by painters such as Mondrian and Klee. He claims that he explores fundamental psychological and acoustic aspects of music. His work with electronic music and its utter fixity led him to explore modes of instrumental and vocal music in which performers' individual capabilities and the circumstances of a particular performance (e.g., hall acoustics) may determine certain aspects of a composition. He calls this "variable form." In other cases, a work may be presented from a number of different perspectives. In Zyklus for example, the score is written so that the performance can start on any page, and it may be read upside down, or from right to left, as the performer chooses. Still other works permit different routes through the constituent parts. Stockhausen calls both of these possibilities "polyvalent form," which may be either open form (essentially incomplete, pointing beyond its frame), as with Klavierstück XI (1956), or "closed form" (complete and self-contained) as with Momente (1962-64/69).

In many of his works, elements are played off against one another, simultaneously and successively: in Kontra-Punkte ("Against Points", 1952-53), a process leading from an initial "point" texture of isolated notes toward a florid, ornamental ending is opposed by a tendency from diversity (six timbres, dynamics, and durations) toward uniformity (timbre of solo piano, a nearly constant soft dynamic, and fairly even durations); in Gruppen (1955-7) fanfares and passages of varying speed (superimposed durations based on the harmonic series) are occasionally flung between three full orchestras, giving the impression of movement in space.

In his Kontakte for electronic sounds (optionally with piano and percussion) (1959-60) he achieved for the first time an isomorphism of the four parameters of pitch, duration, dynamics, and timbre. He pioneered live electronics in "Mixtur" (1964) for orchestra and electronics, Mikrophonie I (1964) for tam-tam, two microphones, two filters with potentiometers (6 players), Mikrophonie II (1965) for choir, Hammond organ, and four ring modulators, and Solo for a melody instrument with feedback (1966).

Through the 1960s, Stockhausen explored the possibilities of "process composition" in works for live performance, such as "Prozession" (1967), "Kurzwellen" and "Spiral" (both 1968), culminating in the verbally described "intuitive music" compositions of Aus den sieben Tagen (1968) and "Für kommende Zeiten" (1968-70).

From Mantra (1970) until the completion of Licht in 2003, Stockhausen concentrated almost exclusively on formula composition, a compositional technique which involves the projection and multiplication of a single melody, double- or triple-line formula, sometimes stated at the outset as an introduction (Mantra, Inori).

Stockhausen has written over 200 individual works. Between 1977 to 2003 he composed a cycle of seven operas called Licht ("Light"). The Licht cycle deals with the relationships between three characters; Lucifer, Michael and Eve. Stockhausen's conception of opera is based significantly on ceremony and ritual and his approach to characterisation shows the influence of Artaud in its rejection of psychological perspective. Similarly, his approach to voice and text suggests a change from the traditional emphasis: a few parts of Licht are written in simulated languages.

Since completing Licht, Stockhausen has embarked on a new cycle of compositions, based on the hours of the day, titled Klang ("Sound"). The works from this cycle performed to date are First Hour: Himmelfahrt (Ascension), for organ or synthesizer, soprano and tenor (2004-5); Second Hour: Freude (Joy) for two harps (2005); Third Hour: Natürliche Dauern (Natural Durations) for piano (2005-6); and Fourth Hour: Himmels-Tür (Heaven's Door) for a percussionist and a little girl (2005). The Fifth Hour, Akkorde (Chords), was composed in 2006 but has not yet been premièred. The Sixth Hour, as yet untitled, is an electronic work, to be premiered in Rome in 2007.

In the early 1990s Stockhausen reacquired the licenses to most the recordings of his music he had made to that point, and began his own record company to make this music permanently available on compact disc. He also designs and prints his own musical scores, which often involve unconventional devices. The score for his piece Refrain, for instance, includes a rotatable (refrain) on a transparent plastic strip, and dynamics in Weltparlament (the first scene of Mittwoch aus Licht) are coded in colour.

Stockhausen is one of the few major twentieth-century composers to write a large amount of music for the trumpet, inspired by his son Markus Stockhausen, a trumpeter.

The dream of flying has accompanied Karlheinz Stockhausen's career since the very beginning. Back in the early 1950s, when he was enthralling some and infuriating others in the avant-garde community around the Darmstadt Summer Courses in New Music with his first works Punkte, Kontra-Punkte and Kreuzspiel, he was already developing his first ideas for liberating musicians from the constraints of gravity. This interest came to a head with the Helikopter-Streichquartett, completed in 1993. In this, the four members of a string quartet each perform from their own helicopter flying above the concert hall. The sounds they play are mixed together with the sounds of the helicopters and played through speakers to the audience in the hall. Videos of the performers are also transmitted back to the concert hall. The performers are synchronized with the aid of a click-track. Despite its extremely unusual nature, the piece has been given several performances, including one on 22nd August 2003 as part of the Salzburg Festival to open the Hangar-7 venue. The work has also been recorded by the Arditti Quartet.

Stockhausen and his music have been controversial and influential. The influence of his Kontra-Punkte, Zeitmasse and Gruppen may be seen in the work of many composers, including Igor Stravinsky's Threni (1957-58) and Movements for piano and orchestra (1958-59), and other works, up to the Variations: Aldous Huxley In Memoriam (1963-64). Popular and jazz musicians such as Anthony Braxton, Can, The Beatles, Kraftwerk, Coil, Björk, Sonic Youth, Miles Davis, Frank Zappa, and Herbie Hancock cite Stockhausen as an influence. It has been argued that various movements in electronic music such as the development of techno or even hip hop (in the use of sampling) could not have happened without Stockhausen's work.

September 11, 2001 terrorist attack statement controversy

After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, Stockhausen was alleged to have made the statement that the attacks were works of art. In a subsequent message, he stated that the press had hideously misinterpreted his meaning, and clarified as follows:

At the press conference in Hamburg, I was asked if Michael, Eve and Lucifer were historical figures of the past and I answered that they exist now, for example Lucifer in New York. In my work, I have defined Lucifer as the cosmic spirit of rebellion, of anarchy. He uses his high degree of intelligence to destroy creation. He does not know love. After further questions about the events in America, I said that such a plan appeared to be Lucifer's greatest work of art. Of course I used the designation "work of art" to mean the work of destruction personified in Lucifer. In the context of my other comments this was unequivocal. (http://www.stockhausen.org/message_from_karlheinz.html)

Stockhausen in literature

* Stockhausen was referred to in Thomas Pynchon's novel The Crying of Lot 49, Philip K. Dick's novel Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said and Alan Moore's Watchmen.
*In Alexander McCall Smith's mystery The Sunday Philosophy Club the main character attends a concert of the Reykjavík Symphony and is unpleasantly surprised to find them playing a Stockhausen work. ("It was impossible music, really and it wasn't something a visiting orchestra should inflict on its hosts.")
* From Jerzy Kosinski's novel Pinball: "To Karlheinz Stockhausen, whose electronic compositions so clearly influenced Godard, a musical event was without a determined beginning or an inevitable end; it was neither a consequence of anything that preceded it nor a cause of anything to follow; it was eternity, attainable at any moment, not at the end of time. Whether one liked it or not, weren't life's events like that too?"
* In Julio Cortázar's Libro de Manuel one of the main characters likes listening to Prozession.

Stockhausen in popular culture

Stockhausen is among the figures on the cover of the Beatles album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Stockhausen is cited as an influence in the liner notes of Frank Zappa's first album, Freak Out!.

In the television sitcom Man about the House, series 2, episode 5 ("Two Foot Two, Eyes of Blue"), Jo's new boyfriend Philip takes her to a Stockhausen concert. She is not amused, but Philip is undaunted, explaining that she just doesn't yet appreciate his "exploration of the spatial possibilities of the twelve-note idiom, and his use of variant states patterned together."

In a 1985 episode of the satirical puppet-show Spitting Image a sketch speculates about sequels to the hit film Amadeus. The suggestions are (1) "Seb", about Johann Sebastian Bach, (2) "Van", about Ludwig van Beethoven, (3) "Stocky", about Karlheinz Stockhausen, and (4) "Lloydy", about Andrew Lloyd Webber. In the first three, the title character is pronounced as being (like Mozart in Amadeus) "a composer who farts a lot", but for Lloyd Webber "a fart who composes a lot."

In episode 5 of the second (1991) series of Lovejoy, apprentice Eric protests when Tinker offers 300 pounds to an old gent for a battered square piano. Tinker mildly responds that the young have no appreciation for the finer aspects of music, and strikes what might have been a C-major chord, had the instrument not been used as a potting table in a steamy greenhouse for the better part of a century. Upon hearing the resulting percussive racket, Tink looks up at Eric, smiles brightly, and says: "Stockhausen."

Track #2 on the Mysteries of Science 1995 album, Erotic Nature of Automated Universes, is called "Guten tag, Herr Stockhausen", certainly a reference to Stockhausen himself.

Richard Wright, keyboardist for the band Pink Floyd, studied with Stockhausen. A Sound collage artist goes by the pseudonym Stock, Hausen & Walkman (clearly a parody of Stock, Aitken and Waterman).

The album Lover, the Lord Has Left Us... by the musical group The Sound of Animals Fighting was heavily influenced by Stockhausen and has a song entitled "Stockhausen, Es Ist Ihr Gehrin, Das (sic) Ich Suche." Also, in the last song "There Can Be No Dispute That Monsters Live Among Us", the lyrics in that song are quotes from Stockhausen's views on modern music.

Stockhausen is namechecked in the track "I Am Damo Suzuki" by The Fall.

Stockhausen is Honourary Patron of the UK sound art and experimental electronic music organisation Sonic Arts Network.

Criticism

Perhaps the most caustic remark about Stockhausen was made by Sir Thomas Beecham. Asked if he had ever conducted any Stockhausen, he said, "No, but I once trod in some."[1][2]

Igor Stravinsky is quoted posthumously in Druskin's Soviet-era (1974) biography as finding Stockhausen "more boring than the most boring of 18th century music". However, in Stravinsky's conversation books with Robert Craft (e.g., Memories and Commentaries, 1960, p. 118) he expresses great enthusiasm for Stockhausen's music, and for years organised private listening sessions with friends in his home where he played tapes of Stockhausen's latest works (Stravinsky 1984, p. 356; Robert Craft, An Improbable Life: Memoirs, 2002, p. 141).

References

* Blumröder, Christoph von. 1993. Die Grundlegung der Musik Karlheinz Stockhausens. Beihefte zum Archiv für Musikwissenschaft 32, ed. Hans Heinrich Eggebrecht. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
* Cott, Jonathan. 1973. Stockhausen: Conversations with the Composer. New York: Simon and Schuster.
* Dirmeikis, Paul. 1999. Le Souffle du temps: Quodlibet pour Karlheinz Stockhausen. [La Seyne-sur-Mer]: Éditions Telo Martius.
* Frisius, Rudolf. 1996. Karlheinz Stockhausen I: Einführung in das Gesamtwerk; Gespräche mit Karlheinz Stockhausen. Mainz: Schott Musik International.
* Gather, John Philipp. 2003. "The Origins of Synthetic Timbre Serialism and the Parisian Confluence, 1949â€"52". Ph.D. diss., State University of New York, Buffalo.
* Harvey, Jonathan. 1975. The Music of Stockhausen: An Introduction. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
* Kohl, Jerome. 1981. "Serial and Non-Serial Techniques in the Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen from 1962â€"1968." Ph.D. diss. Seattle: Univeristy of Washington.
* Kohl, Jerome. 2004. "Der Aspekt der Harmonik in Licht." In Internationales Stockhausen-Symposion 2000: LICHT: Musikwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität zu Köln, 19. bis 22. Oktober 2000. Tagungsbericht. Signale aus Köln: Beiträge zur Musik der Zeit 10. Ed. Imke Misch and Christoph von Blumröder, 116â€"32. Münster, Berlin, London: LIT-Verlag. ISBN 3-8258-7944-5.
* Kurtz, Michael. 1992. Stockhausen: A Biography. Trans. by Richard Toop. London: Faber and Faber.
* Maconie, Robin. 1976. The Works of Karlheinz Stockhausen. London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press. Second edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.1990.
* Robin Maconie. 2005. Other Planets: The Music of Karlheinz Stockhausen. Lanham, Maryland,Toronto, Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
* Rigoni, Michel. 1998. Stockhausen: ... un vaisseau lancé vers le ciel. Lillebonne: Millénaire III Editions.
* Sabbe, Herman. 1981. "Die Einheit der Stockhausen-Zeit ...: Neue Erkenntnismöglichkeiten der seriellen Entwicklung anhand des frühen Wirkens von Stockhausen und Goeyvaerts. Dargestellt aufgrund der Briefe Stockhausens an Goevaerts". In Musik-Konzepte 19: Karlheinz Stockhausen: ... wie die Zeit verging ..., edited by Heinz-Klaus Metzger and Rainer Riehn, 5â€"96. Munich: Edition Text + Kritik.
* Stockhausen, Karlheinz. Texte zur Musik. 10 vols. Vols. 1â€"3 edited by Dieter Schnebel; vols. 4â€"10 edited by Christoph von Blumröder. Vols. 1â€"3, Cologne: Verlag M. DuMont Schauberg (1963, 1964, 1971); vols. 4â€"6 DuMont Buchverlag (1978, 1989, 1989). Vols. 7â€"10 Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag (1998). English edition, as Texts on Music, edited by Jerome Kohl, translated by Jerome Kohl, Richard Toop, Tim Nevill, Suzanne Stephens, et al. Kürten: Stockhausen-Verlag, in preparation.
* Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1989. Stockhausen on Music: Lectures and Interviews, edited by Robin Maconie. London and New York:
* Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1996. "Kino-Bilder". In Bilder vom Kino: Literarische Kabinettstücke, edited by Wolfram Schütte, 138â€"40. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp Verlag.
* Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1998. "Bildung ist große Arbeit: Karlheinz Stockhausen im Gespräch mit Studierenden des Musikwissenschaftlichen Instituts der Universität zu Köln am 5. Februar 1997." In Stockhausen 70: Das Programmbuch Köln 1998. Signale aus Köln: Musik der Zeit 1, edited by Imke Misch and Christoph von Blumröder, 1â€"36. Saarbrücken: Pfau-Verlag.
* Stravinsky, Igor. 1984. Selected Correspondence, vol. 2. Edited and with commentaries by Robert Craft. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
* Stravinsky, Igor, and Robert Craft. 1960. Memories and Commentaries. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
* Toop, Richard. 2005. Six Lectures from the Stockhausen Courses Kürten 2002. Stockhausen-Verlag.
* Wörner, Karl Heinz. 1973. Stockhausen: Life and Work. Translated by Bill Hopkins. Berkeley: University of California Press.

External links

* Karlheinz Stockhausen official site
* Aspekte des Seriellen bei Karlheinz Stockhausen by Karlheinz Essl (1989)
* (pdf) Complete list of works by Stockhausen

Listening

*Epitonic.com: Karlheinz Stockhausen featuring tracks from Mantra