Lateral consonant

Laterals are "L"-like consonants pronounced with an occlusion made somewhere along the axis of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at one side or both sides of the tongue.

Most commonly the tip of the tongue makes contact with the upper teeth (see dental consonant) or the upper gum (the alveolar ridge) just behind the teeth (see alveolar consonant). The most common laterals are approximants and belong to the class of liquids.

Laterals in various languages

English has a lateral approximant phoneme , which in many accents has two allophones. One, found before vowels as in lady or fly, is called clear l, pronounced as the alveolar lateral approximant with a "neutral" position of the body of the tongue. The other variant, so-called dark l found before consonants or word-finally, as in bold or tell, is pronounced as the velarized alveolar lateral approximant with the tongue assuming a spoon-like shape with its back part raised, which gives the sound a - or -like resonance.

In many British accents (e.g. London English), dark may undergo vocalization through the reduction and loss of contact between the tip of the tongue the alveolar ridge, becoming a rounded back vowel or glide. This process turns tell into something like .

A similar process happened in Brazilian Portuguese and in Old French, resulting in [w], whence Modern French sauce as compared with Spanish salsa.

In central and Venice dialects of Vèneto intervocalic /l/ has turned into a semivocalic [e], so that the written word la bala is pronouced .

Many aboriginal Australian languages have a series of three or four lateral approximants, as do various dialects of Irish. Rarer lateral consonants include the retroflex laterals that can be found in most Indic languages; and the sound of Welsh ll, the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative that is also found in Zulu and many Native American languages. (Note that the voiceless laterals in Tibetan are voiceless approximants, not fricatives.) Many of these languages also have lateral affricates. Some languages have palatal or velar voiceless lateral fricatives or affricates, such as Dahalo and Zulu, or retroflex lateral flaps, but the IPA has no symbols for these sounds. However, appropriate symbols are easy to make by adding a lateral-fricative belt or retroflex hook to the symbol for the corresponding lateral approximant (see below). Failing that, raising and devoicing diacritics are added to the approximant.

A large number of lateral click consonants, 17, occur in !Xóõ.

List of laterals

* Alveolar lateral approximant
* Velarized alveolar lateral approximant
* Retroflex lateral approximant
* Palatal lateral approximant
* Velar lateral approximant
* Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative
* Voiced alveolar lateral fricative
* Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative (in Toda)
* Voiceless palatal lateral fricative (in Dahalo) [needs additional raising diacritic]
* Voiceless velar lateral fricative (in Archi)
* Alveolar lateral flap
* Retroflex lateral flap
* Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
* Aspirated alveolar lateral affricate
* Ejective alveolar lateral affricate
* Voiced alveolar lateral affricate
* Voiceless palatal lateral affricate (in Hadza)
* Ejective palatal lateral affricate (in Dahalo), (in Hadza)
* Ejective velar lateral affricate (in Zulu)

Other symbols

The symbol for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative forms the basis for the occasional ad hoc symbols for other voiceless lateral fricatives: retroflex, palatal, velar (the latter two only known from affricates):

Lateral_fricatives.png

The symbol for the alveolar lateral flap is the basis for the expected symbol for the retroflex lateral flap:

Lateral_flaps.png

Such symbols are rare, but are becoming more common now that font-editing software has become accessible. Note however that since they are not sanctioned by the IPA, there are no Unicode values for them.

See also

* List of phonetics topics