Lateral thinking
Lateral thinking is a term coined by
Edward de Bono, a
Maltese psychologist, physician, and writer, although it may have been an idea whose time was ready; the notion of
lateral truth is discussed by
Robert M. Pirsig in
Zen and The Art of Motorcycle Maintenance. de Bono defines Lateral Thinking as methods of thinking concerned with changing concepts and perception. For example:
It took two hours for two men to dig a hole five feet deep. How deep would it have been if ten men had dug the hole for two hours?The answer appears to be 25 feet deep. This answer assumes that the thinker has followed a simple mathematical relationship suggested by the description given, but we can generate some lateral thinking ideas about what affects the size of the hole which may lead to different answers:
* A hole may need to be of a certain size or shape so digging might stop early at a required depth.
* The deeper a hole is, the more effort is required to dig it, since waste soil needs to be lifted higher to the ground level. There is a limit to how deep a hole can be dug by manpower without use of ladders or hoists for soil removal, and 25 feet is beyond this limit.
* Deeper soil layers may be harder to dig out, or we may hit
bedrock or the
water table.
* Each man digging needs space to use a shovel.
* It is possible that with more people working on a project, each person may become less efficient due to increased opportunity for distraction, the assumption he can slack off, more people to talk to, etc.
* More men could work in shifts to dig faster for longer.
* There are more men but are there more shovels?
* The two hours dug by ten men may be under different weather conditions than the two hours dug by two men.
** Rain could flood the hole to prevent digging.
** Temperature conditions may freeze the men before they finish.
* Would we rather have 5 holes each 5 feet deep?
* The two men may be an engineering crew with digging machinery.
* What if one man in each group is a manager who will not actually dig?
* The extra eight men might not be strong enough to dig, or much stronger than the first two.
The most useful ideas listed above are outside the simple
mathematics implied by the question. Lateral thinking is about
reasoning that is not immediately obvious and about ideas that may not be obtainable by using only traditional step-by-step
logic.
Techniques that apply lateral thinking to problems are characterised by the shifting of thinking patterns away from entrenched or predictable thinking to new or unexpected ideas. A new idea that is the result of lateral thinking is not always a helpful one, but when a good idea is discovered in this way it is usually obvious in
hindsight, which is a feature lateral thinking shares with a
joke.
Edward de Bono points out that the term
problem solving implies that there is a problem to respond to and that it can be resolved. That eliminates situations where there is no problem or a problem exists that cannot be resolved. It is logical to think about making a good situation, that has no problems, into a better situation. Some times a problem cannot be solved by removing its cause.
- (Edward de Bono)
Lateral thinking can be used to help in solving problems but can also be used for much more.
Critical thinking is primarily concerned with judging the truth value of statements and seeking error. Lateral Thinking is more concerned with the movement value of statements and ideas, how to move from them to other statements and ideas.
For example the statement "cars should have square wheels" when considered with critical thinking would be evaluated as a poor suggestion, as there are many engineering problems with square wheels. The Lateral Thinking treatment of the same statement would be to see where it leads. Square wheels would produce predictable bumps. If bumps can be predicted then suspension can be designed to compensate. Another way to predict bumps would be a laser or sonar on the front of the car examining the road surface ahead. This leads to the idea of active suspension with a sensor on the car that has normal wheels. The initial statement has been left behind.
A notation used in lateral thinking, is
Po. This stands for
Provocative operation and is used to propose an idea which may not necessarily be a solution or a 'good' idea in itself, but moves thinking forward to a new place where new ideas may be produced.
For example,
The problem is that Tom won't come to the mountain.* Po: The mountain must come to Tom (the classic answer).
* Po: Use a video conference (an
IT idea).
* Po: Use an intermediary.
* Po: Ask him what he wants to come to the mountain (a deal)
* Po: See if he'll accept a free
timeshare slot in a holiday home (that just happens to be on the mountain).
* Po: Wait until he changes his mind.
* Po: Cut your losses and tackle a different problem.
* Po: Make him
These are all
Provocative operations and characterise a stage of lateral thinking where the ideas generated need further work in order to become solutions.
When using lateral thinking puzzles it is important to check your assumptions. You need to be open-minded, flexible and creative in your questioning and able to put lots of different clues and pieces of information together. Once you reach a viable solution you keep going in order to refine it or replace it with a better solution.
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Brainstorming*
Creative problem solving*
Situation puzzle*
Thinking outside the box*
TRIZ*
Paul Sloane - lateral thinking puzzle author
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The Mechanism of the Mind Book by
Edward de Bono.
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Lateral Thinking Puzzles Lateral Thinking with Pictures
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Lateral Puzzles Forum - Create an account through the 'Edit Profile' link on the left.
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Lateral Thinking Puzzles - Grouped into various categories
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Classic Lateral Thinking Puzzles (with answers)
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Edward De Bono,
Lateral Thinking : Creativity Step by Step, Harper & Row, 1973, trade paperback, 300 pages, ISBN 0060903252
