Li Zicheng
Lǐ Zìchéng () (
September 22,
1606 -
1644), born Li Hóngjī (鴻基), was a rebel in late
Ming Dynasty China who proclaimed himself Chuǎng Wáng (闖王), or "The Roaming King".
Born in Mizhi District (米脂縣),
Yan'an Subprefecture (延安府),
Shaanxi, Li grew up as a
shepherd. Li started to learn
horseriding and
archery at age 20. According to folklore, in 1630 he was put on public display in an iron collar and shackles for his failure to repay loans to an usurious magistrate,
Ai. Ai struck a guard who offered shade and water to Li, whence a group of peasants tore apart Li's shackles, spirited him to a nearby hill, and proclaimed him their leader. Despite having only wooden sticks, Li and his band ambushed police sent against them and obtained their first real weapons. A terrible famine had beset Shaanxi in this time, and in three years, Li gathered more than 20,000 soldiers. The rebels then attacked and killed leading officials in places in
Henan,
Shanxi, and
Shaanxi.
In April
1644, Li's rebels sacked the Ming capital of
Beijing, and the
last Ming emperor committed suicide. He proclaimed himself as the Emperor of
Shun Dynasty (大順皇帝). Li died after his army was defeated on May 27, 1644 by the
Manchus and
Wu Sangui, either by committing
suicide or was killed by pro-
Ming militia during his escape at the age of 40. Some folk tales hold that Li didn't die upon defeat, but instead became a
monk.
Although the
Qing conquest of China was made possible by the Ming Dynasty being weakened by the Li Zicheng rebellion, ironically, official historiography during the Qing Dynasty regarded Li as an illegitimate usurper and bandit. This view sought to discourage and demonize any notions of rebellion against the Qing government. It tries to propagate the notion that the Qing Dynasty ended the illegitimate rule of Li and restored honor to the empire, receiving the heavenly mandate to rule China. In 20th century
Maoist
China, the anti-
Confucian and radical inclinations of the
Communist Party of China viewed Li Zicheng favorably, portraying him as an early revolutionary against feudalism. To this end, the government of the
People's Republic of China honored Li with a large monument in
Beijing. However, people in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan generally emphasized a great dislike for this figure; many sees him as the central figure that bought China into the hands of the Manchus.
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Maoist era propaganda posters glorifying Li Zicheng
