List of food additives
This is (intended to be) a comprehensive alphabetical list of
food additives. Also included is a list of food additive types, and a list of indirectly added substances.
See also List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius,
and List of food additives by type.
This article is incomplete. Please help by expanding it.*
Acidity regulators
*
Anti-caking agents
*
Anti-foaming agents
*
Coloring*
Color fixatives
*
Color retention agents
*
Emulsifiers
*
Firming agents
*
Flavor enhancer*
Flour treatment agents
*
Food acids
*
Gelling agents
*
Glazing agents
*
Humectants
*
Improving agents
*
Mineral salts
*
Preservatives
**
Antioxidants
*
Propellants
*
Seasonings
*
Sequestrants
*
Stabilizers
*
Sweeteners
**
Artificial sweeteners
*
Thickeners
*
Vegetable gums
*
1,4-heptonolactone - food acid
*
2-hydroxybiphenyl - preservative
*
Abietic acid -
*
Acacia vera -
*
Acacia -
*
Acesulfame K -
*
Acesulfame potassium - artificial sweetener
*
Acesulfame -
*
Acetic acid -
* Acetic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
*
Acetylated distarch adipate - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Acetylated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Acetylated oxidised starch - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Acetylated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Acid treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Adipic acid - food acid
*
Agar - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent
*
Alcohol -
*
Alfalfa -
*
Alginic acid - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
*
Alitame - artificial sweetener
*
Alkaline treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Alkanet -
*
Alkanet - color (red)
*
Allspice -
*
Allura red AC - color (FDA: FD&C Red #40)
*
Almond oil - used as a substitute for
olive oil. Also used as an
emollient.
*
Aluminium - color (silver)
*
Aluminium ammonium sulfate - mineral salt
*
Aluminium potassium sulfate - mineral salt
*
Aluminium silicate - anti-caking agent
*
Aluminium sodium sulfate - mineral salt
*
Aluminium sulfate - mineral salt
*
Amaranth - color (red) (FDA: [DELISTED] Red #2) Note that amaranth dye is unrelated to the
amaranth plant*
Amaranth oil - high in
squalene and
unsaturated fatty acids - used in food and cosmetic industries.
*
Amchur (mango powder)
*
Ammonium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
*
Ammonium adipates - acidity regulator
*
Ammonium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
*
Ammonium bicarbonate - mineral salt
*
Ammonium carbonate - mineral salt
*
Ammonium chloride - mineral salt
*
Ammonium ferrocitrate - food acid
*
Ammonium fumarate - food acid
*
Ammonium hydroxide - mineral salt
*
Ammonium lactate - food acid
*
Ammonium malate - food acid
*
Ammonium phosphates - mineral salt
*
Ammonium phosphatides - emulsifier
*
Ammonium polyphosphates - anti-caking agent
*
Ammonium sulfate - mineral salt, improving agent
*
Amylases - flour treatment agent
*
Angelica (
Angelica archangelica)
*
Anise -
*
Annatto - color
*
Anthocyanins - color
*
Apricot oil - a cooking oil from certain
cultivars.
*
Arabinogalactan - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Argan oil - a food oil from
Morocco that has also attracted recent attention in
Europe.
*
Argon - propellant
*
Rocket (Arugula)*
Asafoetida -
*
Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) - antioxidant (water soluble)
*
Ascorbyl palmitate - antioxidant (fat soluble)
*
Ascorbyl stearate - antioxidant (fat soluble)
*
Aspartame - artificial sweetener
*
Astaxanthin - color
*
Avocado oil - used a substitute for
olive oil. Also used in
cosmetics and skin care products.
*
Azorubine - color (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)
*
Babassu oil - similar to, and used as a substitute for
coconut oil.
*
Baking powder -
*
Baking soda -
*
Balm, lemon -
*
Balm oil -
*
Balsam peru -
*
Barberry -
*
Barley flour -
*
Basil (
Ocimum basilicum) -
*
Basil extract -
*
Bay leaves -
*
Beeswax - glazing agent
*
Beet red - color (red)
*
Beetroot red - color (red)
*
Ben oil - extracted from the seeds of the
moringa oleifera. High in
behenic acid. Extremely stable edible oil. Also suitable for
biofuel.
*
Bentonite - anti-caking agent
*
Benzoic acid - preservative
*
Benzoyl peroxide - flour treatment agent
*
Berebere -
*
Beta-apo-8'-carotenal (C 30) - color
*
Beta-apo-8'-carotenic acid ethyl ester - color
*
Betanin - color (red)
*
Biphenyl - preservative
*
Bison grass (
Hierochloe odorata)
*
Bixin - color
*
Black 7984 - color (brown and black)
*
Black cardamom -
*
Black cumin -
*
Blackcurrant seed oil - used as a food supplement, because of high content of
omega-3 and
omega-6 fatty acids. Also used in cosmetics.
*
Black limes -
*
Pepper (black, white, and green) -
*
Black PN - color (brown and black)
*
Bleached starch - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Bolivian Coriander (
Porophyllum ruderale) -
*
Bone phosphate - anti-caking agent
*
Borage (
Borago officinalis) -
*
Borage seed oil - similar to
blackcurrant seed oil - used primarily medicinally.
*
Borax - preservative
*
Boric acid - preservative
*
Brilliant Black BN- color (brown and black)
*
Brilliant blue FCF - color (FDA: FD&C Blue #1)
*
Brilliant Scarlet 4R - color (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
*
Brominated vegetable oil - emulsifier, stabiliser
*
Brown FK - color (brown and black)
*
Bush tomato -
*
Butane - propellant
*
Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) - antioxidant (fat soluble)
*
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) - antioxidant (fat soluble)
*
Cacao shell -
*
Cachou extract -
*
Cactus root extract -
*
Cadinene -
*
Caffeine -
*
Cajeput oil -
*
Calamus -
*
Calcium 5'-ribonucleotides - flavor enhancer
*
Calcium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
*
Calcium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
*
Calcium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
*
Calcium aluminosilicate (calcium aluminium silicate) - anti-caking agent
*
Calcium ascorbate (Vitamin C)*
Calcium benzoate - preservative
*
Calcium bisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
*
Calcium carbonates - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser
*
Calcium chloride - mineral salt
*
Calcium citrates - food acid, firming agent
*
Calcium diglutamate - flavor enhancer
*
Calcium disodium EDTA - preservative
*
Calcium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
*
Calcium formate - preservative
*
Calcium fumarate - food acid
*
Calcium gluconate - acidity regulator
*
Calcium guanylate - flavor enhancer
*
Calcium hydrogen sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
*
Calcium hydroxide - mineral salt
*
Calcium inosinate - flavor enhancer
*
Calcium lactate - food acid
*
Calcium lactobionate - stabilizer
*
Calcium malates - food acid
*
Calcium oxide - mineral salt
*
Calcium pantothenate (Vitamin B5)*
Calcium peroxide -
*
Calcium phosphates - mineral salt, anti-caking agent, firming agent
*
Calcium polyphosphates - anti-caking agent
*
Calcium propionate - preservative
* Calcium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
*
Calcium silicate - anti-caking agent
*
Calcium sorbate - preservative
*
Calcium stearoyl lactylate - emulsifier
*
Calcium sulfate - flour treatment agent, mineral salt, sequestrant, improving agent, firming agent
*
Calcium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
*
Calcium tartrate - food acid, emulsifier
*
False flax oil made of the seeds of
Camelina sativa - available in
Russia as
????????? ?????. Considered promising as a food or fuel oil.
*
Camomile -
*
Candelilla wax - glazing agent
*
Candle nut -
*
Canola oil/Rapeseed oil, one of the most widely used cooking oils, from a (trademarked)
cultivar of
rapeseed.
*
Canthaxanthin - color
*
Caper (
Capparis spinosa)
*
Capsanthin - color
*
Capsorubin - color
*
Caramel I (plain) - color (brown and black)
*
Caramel II (
Caustic Sulfite process) - color (brown and black)
*
Caramel III (
Ammonia process) - color (brown and black)
*
Caramel IV (
Ammonia sulfite process) - color (brown and black)
*
Caraway -
*
Carbamide - flour treatment agent
*
Carbon black - color (brown and black)
*
Carbon dioxide - acidity regulator, propellant
*
Cardamom -
*
Carmoisine - color (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10)
*
Carnauba wax - glazing agent
*
Carob Pod -
*
Carob pod oil/Algaroba oil, used medicinally.
*
Carotenes - color
**
Alpha-carotene - color
**
Beta-carotene - color
**
Gamma-carotene - color
*
Carrageenan - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
*
Carrot oil -
*
Cashew oil - somewhat comparable to
olive oil. May have value for fighting
cavities. [
1]
*
Cassia -
*
Catechu extract -
*
Celery salt -
*
Celery seed -
*
Wheat germ oil - used as a food supplement, and for its "grainy" flavor. Also used medicinally. Highly unstable.
*
Chalk - color (white), anticaking agent, stabiliser
*
Chervil (
Anthriscus cerefolium) -
*
Chicory -
*
Chile pepper -
*
Chili powder -
*
Chives (
Allium schoenoprasum) -
*
Chlorine dioxide - flour treatment agent
*
Chlorine - flour treatment agent
*
Chlorophylls and
Chlorophyllins - color (green)
*
Chocolate Brown HT - color
*
Choline salts and esters - emulsifier
*
Chrysoine resorcinol - color (red)
*
Cicely (
Myrrhis odorata)
*
Sweet cicely (
Myrrhis odorata)
*
Cilantro (see
Coriander) (
Coriandrum sativum)
*
Cinnamon -
*
Cinnamon oil - used for flavoring.
*
Citranaxanthin - color
*
Citric acid - food acid
* Citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
*
Citrus red 2 - color (red)
*
Cloves -
*
Cochineal - color (red)
*
Coconut oil - a cooking oil, high in
saturated fats - particularly used in
baking and
cosmetics.
*
Sage (
Salvia officinalis) -
*
Copper complexes of chlorophylls - color (green)
*
Coriander -
*
Coriander seed oil - used medicinally. Also used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical and food industries.
*
Corn oil - one of the most common, and inexpensive cooking oils.
*
Corn syrup -
*
Cottonseed oil - a major food oil, often used in industrial food processing.
*
Cress -
*
carmines - color (red)
*
Crocetin - color
*
Crocin - color
* Crosslinked
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose - emulsifier
*
Cryptoxanthin - color
*
Cumin -
*
Cumin oil/Black seed oil - used as a flavor, particularly in meat products. Also used in veterinary medicine.
*
Cupric sulfate - mineral salt
*
Curcumin - color (yellow and orange)
*
Curry powder -
*
Curry leaf (
Murraya koenigii) -
*
Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) -
*
Cyclamates - artificial sweetener
*
Cyclamic acid - artificial sweetener
*
beta-cyclodextrin - emulsifier
*
Lemongrass (
Cymbopogon citratus, C. flexuosus, and other species) -
*
Damiana (
Turnera aphrodisiaca,
T. diffusa) -
*
Dandelion leaf -
*
Dandelion root -
*
Dandelion (
Taraxacum officinale) -
*
Decanal dimethyl acetal -
*
Decanal -
*
Decanoic acid -
*
Dehydroacetic acid - preservative
*
Delta-tocopherol(synthetic) - antioxidant
* Devil's claw (
Harpagophytum procumbens) medicinal
*
Dextrin roasted starch - thickener, vegetable gum
* Diacetyltartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
*
Dicalcium diphosphate - anti-caking agent
*
Dilauryl thiodipropionate - antioxidant
*
Dill seed -
*
Dill (
Anethum graveolens) -
*
Dimethyl dicarbonate - preservative
*
Dimethylpolysiloxane - emulsifier, anti-caking agent
*
Dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate - emulsifier
*
Diphenyl - preservative
*
Diphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
*
Dipotassium guanylate - flavor enhancer
*
Dipotassium inosinate - flavor enhancer
*
Disodium 5'-ribonucleotides - flavor enhancer
*
Disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate - antioxidant, preservative
*
Disodium guanylate - flavor enhancer
*
Disodium inosinate - flavor enhancer
*
Distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Distearyl thiodipropionate - antioxidant
*
Dl-alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) - antioxidant
*
Dodecyl gallate - antioxidant
*
Echinacea -
*
EDTA -
*
Egg -
*
Egg yolk -
*
Eggwhite -
*
Elderberry -
*
Eleutherococcus senticosus -
* Enzymatically hydrolyzed
Carboxymethyl cellulose - emulsifier
*
Enzyme treated starch - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Epazote (
Chenopodium ambrosioides)
*
Epsom salts - mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
*
Erythorbin acid - antioxidant
*
Erythrosine - color (red) (FDA: FD&C Red #3)
*
Ethanol (alcohol) -
*
Ethyl maltol - flavor enhancer
*
Ethyl methyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
*
Ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
*
Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid -
*
Evening primrose oil - used as a food supplement for its purported medicinal properties.
*
Fantesk -
*
Farnesol -
*
Fast green FCF - color (FDA: FD&C Green #3)
*
Fat -
*
Favoxanthin - color
*
Fennel (
Foeniculum vulgare)
*
Fenugreek -
*
Ferric ammonium citrate - food acid
*
Ferrous gluconate - color retention agent
*
Ferrous lactate -
*
Filé powder -
*
Five-spice powder (Chinese) -
*
Fo-ti-tieng -
*
Formaldehyde - preservative
*
Formic acid - preservative
*
Fructose -
*
Fumaric acid - acidity regulator
*
Galangal -
*
Galangal root -
*
Galbanum oil -
*
Gallic acid -
*
Gamma-tocopherol(synthetic) - antioxidant
*
Garam masala -
*
Garlic extract -
*
Garlic -
*
Garlic oil -
*
Gelatin -
*
gelatine (not classified as an additive) -
Gelling agent, emulsifier
*
Gellan gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
*
Ginger -
*
Ginger oil -
*
Ginger root -
*
Ginseng -
* Glacial
Acetic acid - preservative, acidity regulator
*
Glucitol -
*
Gluconate -
*
Glucono-delta-lactone - acidity regulator
*
Glucose oxidase - antioxidant
*
Glutamate -
*
Glutamic acid - flavor enhancer
*
Gluten -
*
Glycerin - humectant, sweetener
*
Glycerol -
*
Glycerol esters of wood rosin - emulsifier
*
Glyceryl distearate - emulsifier
*
Glyceryl monostearate - emulsifier
*
Glycine - flavor enhancer
*
Glyoxylic acid -
*
Gold - color (gold)
*
Grains of paradise -
*
Grape color extract -
*
Grape seed oil - suitable for cooking at high temperatures. Also used as a
salad oil, and in
cosmetics.
*
Green S - color (green)
*
Green tea -
*
Guanylic acid - flavor enhancer
*
Guar gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
*
Guaranine -
*
Gum acacia - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
*
Gum arabic - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
*
Gum guaicum - preservative
*
Haw bark -
*
Hazelnut oil - used for its flavor. Also used in skin care, because of its slight
astringent nature.
*
Heliotropin -
*
Helium - propellant
*
Hemlock oil -
*
Hemp oil - a high quality food oil.
*
Heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
*
Hesperidin -
*
Hexamine (hexamethylene tetramine) - preservative
*
Hexyl acetate -
*
High fructose corn syrup -
*
Horseradish -
*
Hydrochloric acid - acidity regulator
*
Hydroxypropyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
*
Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
*
Hydroxypropyl starch - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Hyssop (
Hyssopus officinalis) -
*
Indanthrene blue RS - color (blue)
*
Indigo carmine - color (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
*
Indigotine - color (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2)
*
Indole -
*
Inosinate -
*
Inosinic acid - flavor enhancer
*
Inositol -
*
Insoluble fiber -
*
Intense sweeteners -
*
Invert sugar -
*
Invertase -
*
Iron ammonium citrate -
*
Iron -
*
Iron oxides and hydroxides - color
*
Isobutane - propellant
*
Isomalt - humectant
*
Isopropyl citrates - antioxidant, preservative
*
Jasmine -
*
Jamaican jerk spice -
*
Jasmine absolute -
*
Jiaogulan (
Gynostemma pentaphyllum) -
*
Juniper -
*
Juniper berry -
*
Juniper berry oil - used as a flavor. Also used medicinally, including traditional medicine.
*
Juniper extract -
*
Kaffir Lime Leaves (
Citrus hystrix, C. papedia) -
*
Kaolin - anti-caking agent
*
Kapok seed oil - used as an edible oil, and in soap production.[
2]
*
Karaya gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
*
Kelp -
*
Kokam -
*
Kola nut extract -
*
Konjac - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Konjac glucomannate - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Konjac gum - thickener, vegetable gum
*
L-cysteine - flour treatment agent
*
Lactic acid - acidity regulator, preservative, antioxidant
* Lactic acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
*
Lactitol - humectant
*
Lactose -
*
Lactylated fatty acid esters of glycerol and propylene glycol - emulsifier
*
Larch gum -
*
Lard -
*
Latolrubine - color
*
Laurel berry -
*
Laurel leaf oil -
*
Lavender (
Lavandula spp.)
*
Lavender oil -
*
Lecithins - antioxidant,
Emulsifier*
Lecithin citrate - preservative
*
Legume -
*
Lemon -
*
Lemon balm (
Melissa officinalis) -
*
Lemon extract -
*
Lemon juice -
*
Lemon Myrtle (
Backhousia citriodora) -
*
Lemon oil -
*
Lemon verbena (
Lippia citriodora) -
*
Lemongrass oil -
*
Leucine - flavor enhancer
*
Licorice -
*
Lipases - flavor enhancer
*
Lithol Rubine BK - color
*
Litholrubine - color
*
Locust bean gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
*
Long pepper -
*
Lovage (
Levisticum officinale) -
* L(+)-
Tartaric acid - food acid
*
Lutein - color
*
Lycopene - color
*
Lysine -
*
Lysozyme - preservative
*
Macadamia oil - used as an edible oil. Also used as a massage oil.
*
Mace -
*
Magnesium -
*
Magnesium carbonate - anti-caking agent, mineral salt
*
Magnesium chloride - mineral salt
*
Magnesium citrate - acidity regulator
*
Magnesium diglutamate - flavor enhancer
*
Magnesium hydroxide - mineral salt
*
Magnesium lactate - food acid
*
Magnesium oxide - anti-caking agent
*
Magnesium phosphates - mineral salt, anti-caking agent
* Magnesium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
*
Magnesium silicate - anti-caking agent
*
Magnesium stearate - emulsifier, stabiliser
*
Magnesium sulfate - mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
*
Mahlab -
*
Malabathrum -
*
Malic acid - acidity regulator
*
Malt extract -
*
Maltitol - humectant, stabiliser
*
Maltodextrin -
*
Maltol - flavor enhancer
*
Maltose -
*
Mandarin oil*
Mangnese -
*
Mannitol - humectant, anti-caking agent, sweetener
*
Margarine -
*
Marjoram (
Origanum majorana)
*
Mastic -
*
Meadowfoam seed oil - highly stable oil, with over 98% long-chain
fatty acids. Competes with
rapeseed oil for industrial applications. [
3]
*
Mentha arvensis oil/Mint oil, used in flavoring toothpastes, mouthwashes and pharmaceuticals, as well as in aromatherapy and other medicinal applications. [
4]
*
Metatartaric acid - food acid, emulsifier
*
Methionine -
*
Methyl butyrate -
*
Methyl disulfide -
*
Methyl ethyl cellulose - thickener, vegetable gum, emulsifier
*
Methyl hexenoate -
*
Methyl isobutyrate -
*
Methylcellulose - thickener, emulsifier, vegetable gum
*
Methylparaben (methyl para-hydroxybenzoate) - preservative
*
Methyltheobromine -
* Microcrystalline cellulose - anti-caking agent
*
Milk thistle (
Silybum) -
*
Milk -
*
Mint (
Mentha spp.) -
* Mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
*
Modified starch -
*
Molasses extract -
*
Molybdenum -
*
Bergamot (
Monarda didyma) -
* Mono- and diglycerides of
Fatty acids - emulsifier
*
Monoammonium glutamate - flavor enhancer
*
Monopotassium glutamate - flavor enhancer
*
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) - flavor enhancer
*
Monostarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Montanic acid esters - humectant
*
MSG -
*
Mullien (
Verbascum thapsus)
*
Mustard -
*
Mustard oil (essential oil), containing a high percentage of
allyl isothiocyanate or other
isothiocyanates, depending on the species of mustard
*
Mustard oil (pressed) - used in India as a cooking oil. Also used as a
massage oil.
*
Mustard plant -
*
Mustard seed -
*
Natamycin - preservative
*
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone - artificial sweetener
*
Niacin (
vitamin B3) - color retention agent
**
nicotinic acid (
vitamin B3) - color retention agent
**
Nicotinamide (
vitamin B3) - color retention agent
*
Nigella (Kolanji, Black caraway) -
*
Nisin - preservative
*
Nitrogen - propellant
*
Nitrous oxide - propellant
*
Norbixin - color
*
Nutmeg -
*
Octyl gallate - antioxidant
*
Evening primrose (
Oenothera biennis et al) -
*
Okra oil (
Hibiscus seed oil) - from the seed of the
Hibiscus esculentus. Composed predominately of
oleic and
lanoleic acids.
*
Oleomargarine -
*
Olive oil - used in
cooking -
cosmetics -
soaps and as a
fuel for traditional
oil lamps*
Orange GGN - color (orange)
*
Orange oil - like
lemon oil - cold pressed rather than distilled. Consists of 90% d-
Limonene. Used as a fragrance, in cleaning products and in flavoring foods. [
5]
*
Orcein - color (red)
*
Orchil - color (red)
*
Oregano (
Origanum vulgare, O. heracleoticum, and other species) -
*
Oregano oil - contains
thymol and
carvacrol - making it a useful
fungicide. Also used to treat digestive problems. [
6]
*
Orris root -
*
Orthophenyl phenol - preservative
*
Oxidised polyethylene wax - humectant
*
Oxidised starch - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Oxystearin - antioxidant, sequestrant
*
Palm oil - the most widely produced
tropical oil. Also used to make
biofuel.
*
Panax ginseng -
*
Panax quinquefolia -
*
Ponch phoran -
*
Pandan leaf -
*
Pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5) -
*
Paprika -
*
Paprika extract -
*
Paraffins - glazing agent
*
Parsley (
Petroselinum crispum) -
*
Patent blue V - color (blue)
*
Peanut oil/Ground nut oil - mild-flavored cooking oil.
*
Pecan oil - valued as a food oil, but requiring fresh pecans for good quality oil. [
7]
*
Pectin - vegetable gum, emulsifier
*
Perilla seed oil - high in
omega-3 fatty acids. Used as an edible oil, for medicinal purposes, in skin care products and as a drying oil.
*
Phosphated distarch phosphate - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Phosphoric acid - food acid
*
Phytic acid - preservative
*
Pigment Rubine - color
*
Pimaricin - preservative
*
Pine needle oil*
Pine seed oil - an expensive food oil, used in salads and as a condiment. [
8]
*
Pistachio oil - strongly flavored oil, particularly for use in salads. [
9]
*
Prune kernel oil - marketed as a gourmet cooking oil [
10]
*
Poly vinyl pyrrolidone -
*
Polydextrose - humectant
*
Polyethylene glycol 8000 - antifoaming agent
*
Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
*
Polyglycerol polyricinoleate - emulsifier
*
Polyoxyethylene (40) stearate - emulsifier
*
Polyoxyethylene (8) stearate - emulsifier, stabilizer
*
Polyphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
*
Polysorbate 20 - emulsifier
*
Polysorbate 40 - emulsifier
*
Polysorbate 60 - emulsifier
*
Polysorbate 65 - emulsifier
*
Polysorbate 80 - emulsifier
*
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone - color stabiliser
*
Pomegranate seeds (though some consider these a fruit, not a spice)
*
Ponceau 4R - color (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8)
*
Ponceau 6R - color
*
Ponceau SX - color
*
Poppy seed -
*
Poppyseed oil - used for cooking, moisturizing skin, and in paints, varnishes and soaps.
*
Potassium acetates - preservative, acidity regulator
*
Potassium adipate - food acid
*
Potassium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
*
Potassium aluminium silicate - anti-caking agent
*
Potassium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
*
Potassium benzoate - preservative
*
Potassium bicarbonate - mineral salt
*
Potassium bisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
*
Potassium bromate - flour treatment agent
*
Potassium carbonate - mineral salt
*
Potassium chloride - mineral salt
*
Potassium citrates - food acid
*
Potassium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
*
Potassium fumarate - food acid
*
Potassium gluconate - stabiliser
*
Potassium hydrogen sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
*
Potassium hydroxide - mineral salt
*
Potassium lactate - food acid
*
Potassium malate - food acid
*
Potassium metabisulfite - preservative, antioxidant
*
Potassium nitrate - preservative, color fixative
*
Potassium nitrite - preservative, color fixative
*
Potassium phosphates - mineral salt
*
Potassium propionate - preservative
* Potassium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
*
Potassium sodium tartrate - food acid
*
Potassium sorbate - preservative
*
Potassium sulfate - mineral salt, seasoning
*
Potassium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
*
Potassium tartrates - food acid
* Powdered
Cellulose - anti-caking agent
*
Primrose (
Primula) â€" candied flowers, tea
* Processed
Eucheuma seaweed - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
*
Propane-1,2-diol alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
*
Propionic acid - preservative
*
Propyl gallate - antioxidant
*
Propyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
*
Propylene glycol - humectant
*
Propylene glycol alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
*
Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
*
Propylparaben - preservative
*
Pumpkin seed oil - a specialty cooking oil, produced in
Austria and
Slovenia. Doesn't tolerate high temperatures.
*
Purslane -
*
Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) -
*
Quatre épices -
*
Quillaia extract - humectant
*
Quinoa oil - similar in composition and use to
corn oil. [
11]
*
Quinoline yellow - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: D&C Yellow #10)
*
Ramtil oil - pressed from the seeds of the one of several species of genus
Guizotia abyssinica (Niger pea) in
India and
Ethiopia. Used for both cooking and lighting.
*
Ras-el hanout*
Raspberry (leaves)
*
Red 2G - color
*
Refined microcrystalline wax - glazing agent
*
Rhodoxanthin - color
*
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) - color (yellow and orange)
*
Rice bran oil - suitable for high temperature cooking. Widely used in
Asia.
*
Rosemary (
Rosmarinus officinalis) -
*
Rubixanthin - color
*
Saccharin - artificial sweetener
*
Safflower oil - a flavorless and colorless cooking oil.
*
Safflower -
*
Saffron - color
*
Saigon Cinnamon -
*
Salad Burnet (
Sanguisorba minor or
Poterium sanguisorba)
*
Salt -
*
Sandalwood - color
*
Sansho -
*
Savory (
Satureja hortensis, S. montana)
*
Scarlet GN - color
*
Sesame oil - used as a cooking oil, and as a massage oil, particularly in
India.
*
Sesame seed -
*
Shellac - glazing agent
*
Silicon dioxide - anti-caking agent
*
Silver - color (silver)
*
Luohanguo*
Sodium acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
*
Sodium adipate - food acid
*
Sodium alginate - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
*
Sodium aluminium phosphate - acidity regulator, emulsifier
*
Sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate) - anti-caking agent
*
Sodium ascorbate - antioxidant (water soluble)
*
Sodium benzoate - preservative
*
Sodium bicarbonate - mineral salt
*
Sodium bisulfite (sodium hydrogen sulfite) - preservative, antioxidant
*
Sodium carbonate - mineral salt
*
Sodium carboxymethylcellulose - emulsifier
*
Sodium citrates - food acid
*
Sodium dehydroacetate - preservative
*
Sodium erythorbate - antioxidant
*
Sodium erythorbin - antioxidant
*
Sodium ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
*
Sodium ferrocyanide - anti-caking agent
*
Sodium formate - preservative
*
Sodium fumarate - food acid
*
Sodium gluconate - stabiliser
*
Sodium hydrogen acetate - preservative, acidity regulator
*
Sodium hydroxide - mineral salt
*
Sodium lactate - food acid
*
Sodium malates - food acid
*
Sodium metabisulfite - preservative, antioxidant, bleaching agent
*
Sodium methyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
*
Sodium nitrate - preservative, color fixative
*
Sodium nitrite - preservative, color fixative
*
Sodium orthophenyl phenol - preservative
*
Sodium propionate - preservative
*
Sodium propyl para-hydroxybenzoate - preservative
*
Sodium sorbate - preservative
*
Sodium stearoyl lactylate - emulsifier
*
Sodium succinates - acidity regulator, flavor enhancer
* Sodium salts of fatty acids - emulsifier, stabiliser, anti-caking agent
*
Sodium sulfite - mineral salt, preservative, antioxidant
*
Sodium sulfite - preservative, antioxidant
*
Sodium tartrates - food acid
*
Sodium tetraborate - preservative
*
Sorbic acid - preservative
*
Sorbitan monolaurate - emulsifier
*
Sorbitan monooleate - emulsifier
*
Sorbitan monopalmitate - emulsifier
*
Sorbitan monostearate - emulsifier
*
Sorbitan tristearate - emulsifier
*
Sorbitol - humectant, emulsifier, sweetener
*
Sorbol -
*
Sorrel (
Rumex spp.) -
*
Soybean oil - accounts for about half of worldwide edible oil production.
*
Spearmint oil - often used in flavoring mouthwash and chewing gum, among other applications. [
12]
*
Star anise -
*
Star anise oil - highly fragrant oil using in cooking. Also used in perfumery and soaps, has been used in toothpastes, mouthwashes, and skin creams. [
13] 90% of the world's
star anise crop is used in the manufacture of
Tamiflu, a
drug used to treat
avian flu.
*
Starch sodium octenylsuccinate - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Stearic acid - anti-caking agent
*
Stearyl tartarate - emulsifier
*
Succinic acid - food acid
*
Sucralose - artificial sweetener
*
Sucroglycerides - emulsifier
*
Sucrose acetate isobutyrate - emulsifier, stabiliser
*
Sucrose esters of fatty acids - emulsifier
*
Sugar -
*
Sulfur dioxide - preservative, antioxidant
*
Sulfuric acid - acidity regulator
*
Sumac -
*
Sunflower oil - a common cooking oil, also used to make
biodiesel.
*
Sunset Yellow FCF - color (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #6)
*
Sweet basil -
*
Sweet woodruff -
*
Szechuan pepper (
Xanthoxylum piperitum) -
*
Talc - anti-caking agent
*
Tamarind -
*
Costmary -
*
Tandoori masala -
*
Tannins - color, emulsifier, stabiliser, thickener
*
Tansy -
*
Tara gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
*
Tarragon (
Artemisia dracunculus) -
* Tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids - emulsifier
*
Tartrazine - color (yellow and orange) (
FDA:
FD&C Yellow #5)
*
Camellia oil/Tea oil, widely used in southern
China as a cooking oil. Also used in making soaps, hair oils and a variety of other products.
*
Tert-butylhydroquinone - antioxidant
*
Thaumatin - flavor enhancer, artificial sweetener
*
Theine -
*
Thermally oxidised soya bean oil - emulsifier
*
Thiabendazole - preservative
*
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) -
*
Thiodipropionic acid - antioxidant
*
Thyme -
*
stannous chloride - color retention agent, antioxidant
*
Titanium dioxide - color (white)
*
Tocopherol (Vitamin E) -
*
Tocopherol concentrate (natural) - antioxidant
*
Tragacanth - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
*
Triacetin - humectant
*
Triammonium citrate - food acid
*
Triethyl citrate - thickener, vegetable gum
*
Trimethylxanthine -
*
Triphosphates - mineral salt, emulsifier
*
sodium phosphates -
Mineral Salt*
Turmeric - color (yellow and orange)
*
Vanilla (
Vanilla planifolia) -
*
Vegetable carbon - color (brown and black)
*
Vinegar -
*
Violaxanthin - color
*
Vitamin -
**
Vitamin A (Retinol) -
**
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) -
**
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) -
**
Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) -
**
Vitamin B6 (Pyrodoxine) -
**
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) -
**
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) -
**
Vitamin D (Calciferol) -
**
Vitamin E {Tocopherol) -
**
Vitamin K -
*
Walnut oil - used for its flavor, also used by
Renaissance painters in oil paints
*
Wasabi -
*
Water -
*
Wattleseed -
*
Xanthan gum - thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer
*
Xylitol - humectant, stabiliser
*
Yellow 2G - color (yellow and orange)
*
Yucca extract -
*
Za'atar -
*
Zeaxanthin - color
*
Zinc acetate - flavor enhancer
*
Australian Food Additive Codes
