Miss America
For the two Golden Age patriotically-themed comic book superheroines, see Miss America (comics).The
Miss America pageant (not to be confused with the similar
Miss USA pageant) is a long-standing competition which awards scholarships to young women from the fifty states plus two territories of the
United States of America. The first-prize winner of the national pageant is awarded the title of "Miss America" for one year.
The Pageant originated as a
beauty contest in
1921, but now prefers to avoid such terms since beauty is no longer the primary criterion used to judge contestants. The pageant originated in
Atlantic City, New Jersey and was held there each year in September through
2004 (except for the year
2000, when it was held on
October 14). In
2006, the pageant moved to its new home and time in
Las Vegas, Nevada in January, and this corresponded to a new swing toward sexiness among the contestants. Some involved with the organization say that "other pageants are looking for a
model, but Miss America is looking for a
role model". The pageant still presents itself as a "scholarship pageant," and the primary prizes for the winner and her runners-up are scholarships to the institution of her choice. Since most of the contestants are college graduates already, or on the verge of graduating, most of their prize money is devoted to
graduate school or
professional school. The rare exceptions most often donate their scholarships to non-profit organizations that have to do with world peace.
|
Miss America 2002, Katie Harman signs a USO poster, while performing her community service work |
Miss America is connected to various subsidiary programs throughout the U.S.A. Local contests select local representatives (e.g., "Miss Mobile, Alabama") who go on to participate in state pageants (e.g., for "Miss Alabama"). The winners of the various state pageants (plus pageants for "Miss
District of Columbia" and "Miss
Virgin Islands") go on to compete for the title of "Miss America" at an annual national competition. Miss Virgin Islands competed for the first time in the 2004 pageant. Thus far, there has not been a "Miss
Puerto Rico" or a "Miss
Guam" representing.
Contestants for Miss America and the various state and local pageants are selected by panels of judges based on a set of four competitions:
1) Interview Each contestant converses with the judges on a variety of topics, from frivolous trivia to serious political and social issues. The contestant is awarded points for being well spoken, polite, articulate, and confident. This competition is less known by the general public than other aspects of the pageant, since unlike the other three, it does not take place on a theater stage, nor is it usually televised.
2) Talent The contestant performs on stage before the judges and an audience. The most common talents are
singing or
dancing, but a variety of other talents may be exhibited at the contestant's choosing; some have demonstrated
juggling, playing
musical instruments,
ventriloquism, quick-draw
painting; one even chose to demonstrate the proper way to pack a
suitcase.
3) Swimsuit In the famous swimsuit competition contestants walk on the stage in swimsuits and high-heeled shoes. The Miss America pageant regulates certain minimum standards of modesty the swimwear must comply with. Judging for this portion of the competition focuses on overall physical fitness, poise and posture. Until recently, the contestants were required to wear identical, somewhat dated, one-piece suits. Recently, the organization has allowed contestants to choose their own more revealing two-piece suits,
bikinis, or more modern one-piece suits.
4) Evening gown Similar to the swimsuit competition, but the contestants walk slowly in formal evening gowns.
A casual wear section was added to the Miss America competition in 2003, and is filtering down to state and local competitions; however, the "casual wear" section was canceled indefinitely beginning in 2006.
A community service platform became a requirement of Miss America contestants beginning with the
1989 pageant. Platforms promoted by previous Miss Americas have included AIDS awareness and prevention, diabetes awareness, outreach for homeless veterans, domestic violence awareness and support for terminal breast cancer patients.
Prizes are given at local, state, and national level, consisting most commonly of
scholarships for use in higher education, sometimes supplemented with money and merchandise donated by sponsors.
The Miss America competition originated on
September 7,
1921, as a two-day beauty contest in
Atlantic City,
New Jersey. The event that year was still called the Atlantic City Pageant, and the winner of the grand prize, the 3-foot Golden Mermaid trophy, wasn't even called "Miss America" until
1922, when she re-entered the pageant. The pageant was initiated in an attempt to keep tourists in Atlantic City after
Labor Day.
In 1935, Talent is added to the competition.
Starting in 1950, the winner's title reflected to the following year (Miss America 1951). So there was never a Miss America 1950.
In the early years of the pageant, a beauty competition of the women wearing
bathing suits was the main event. When pageant officials decided to make this a less important part of the competition, swimsuit-making sponsors started their own separate pageant,
Miss USA.
Yolande Betbeze, Miss America
1951, refused to pose for publicity pictures while wearing a swimsuit, citing that she wanted to be recognized as a serious
opera singer.
Catalina swimwear, which was a Miss America sponsor, split off and created the
Miss USA/
Universe pageants.
In
1955, the awards were televised for the first time; that year's winner was
Lee Meriwether. In
1959,
Mary Ann Mobley of
Brandon, Mississippi won the Miss Mississippi title and then went on to win the Miss America pageant. The next year, her successor as Miss Mississippi (Lynda Lee Mead of
Natchez) also went on to win the Miss America title. As of 2006, Mississippi remains the only state to have produced Miss Americas in consecutive years.
The pageant has been nationally
televised since
1954. It peaked in the early
1960s, when it was repeatedly the highest-rated program on American television. It was seen as a symbol of the United States, with Miss America often being referred to as the female equivalent of the
President. The pageant stressed conservative values; contestants were not expected to have ambitions beyond being a good wife (there is also a
Mrs. America pageant). It was also only open to whites; a parallel
Miss Black America pageant was held for
African-American contestants.
With the rise of
feminism and the
civil rights movement the pageant became a focus of protests each year, and its audience began to fade. In the
1970s it began to change, admitting blacks and encouraging a new type of professional woman. This was symbolized by the
1974 victory of
Rebecca Ann King, an outspokenly
pro-choice law student.
Still, ratings flagged. In an attempt to create a younger image,
Bert Parks, the pageant's famous emcee from
1954 to
1979, was dismissed. Parks had virtually became an American icon, singing the show's signature song, "There She Is, Miss America" as the newly-crowned Miss America took her walk down the ramp at the end of each year's pageant. His dismissal prompted public criticism; in protest,
Johnny Carson organized a letter-writing campaign to reinstate Parks, but it was unsuccessful.
In
1984,
Vanessa Williams became the first black winner, but was forced to relinquish her title when
Penthouse magazine published nude pictures of her that were taken before her contest victories; finalist
Suzette Charles was crowned Miss America. Both women are now included on the canonical list of Miss America laureates; Charles is officially designated "Miss America 1984 B."
Many Miss America winners live on in relative anonymity, but Vanessa Williams has made a nationally prominent career as a singer and an actress. Others who have had prominent careers in such fields as
show business include
Bess Myerson,
Mary Ann Mobley,
Lee Meriwether, and
Phyllis George. Interestingly, Myerson was the first Jewish Miss America, and she was selected in
1945, the year that all the
Nazi atrocities against the Jews had been revealed.
In the
1990s, the pageant was reformed into The Miss America Organization, a not-for-profit corporation with three divisions: the Miss America Pageant, a
scholarship fund, and a Miss America foundation.
Since the pageant's peak in the early 1960s, its audience has eroded significantly. In
2004, when its audience fell to fewer than 10 million viewers, its broadcaster,
ABC, decided to drop the pageant. "Broadcasters show data proving that the talent show and the interviews, the pageant's answers to feminist criticism, were the least popular portions of the pageant, while the swimsuit part still had the power to bring viewers back from the kitchen. So pageant officials - who still require chaperones for contestants when they are in Atlantic City - are thinking about showing a little more." [
1]
In
2005 the pageant announced a new television agreement with cable network
Country Music Television (CMT), a switch in the pageant's schedule from September to
January 21,
2006, and a move away from Atlantic City and
Boardwalk Hall after 85 years to another city that has casinos:
Las Vegas, Nevada and the Aladdin Hotel-Casino. The show was hosted by
James Denton, a star of the television show
Desperate Housewives.
In 2006, it was announced by the Miss America Organization and CMT that the latter would air the
reality television series
Finding Miss America in the days leading up to the January
2007 pageant. The show will have an interactive feature, with viewers casting votes for their favorites by phone and at the CMT website.
Due to the altered schedule, Miss America 2005,
Alabama's
Deidre Downs, reigned for 16 months instead of the usual 12. She was only the second longest-reigning Miss America: in the early days of the pageant,
Mary Katherine Campbell served two consecutive terms (which is no longer allowed.)
| Year | Miss America! From |
|---|
| 1921 | Margaret Gorman | Washington, D.C. |
| 1922-23 | Mary Campbell | Columbus, Ohio |
| 1924 | Ruth Malcolmson | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| 1925 | Fay Lanphier | Oakland, California |
| 1926 | Norma Smallwood | Tulsa, Oklahoma |
| 1927 | Lois Delaner | Joliet, Illinois |
| 1932 | Dorothy Hann | Camden, New Jersey |
| 1933 | Marian Bergeron | West Haven, Connecticut |
| 1935 | Henrietta Leaver | Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
| 1936 | Rose Coyle | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| 1937 | Bette Cooper | Bertrand Island, New Jersey |
| 1938 | Marilyn Meseke | Marion, Ohio |
| 1939 | Patricia Donnelly | Detroit, Michigan |
| 1940 | Frances Marie Burke | Philadelphia, Pennsylvania |
| 1941 | Rosemary LaPlanche | Los Angeles, California |
| 1942 | Jo-Carroll Dennison | Tyler, Texas |
| 1943 | Jean Bartel | Los Angeles, California |
| 1944 | Venus Ramey | Washington, D.C. |
| 1945 | Bess Myerson | New York City, New York |
| 1946 | Marilyn Buferd | Los Angeles, California |
| 1947 | Barbara Walker | Memphis, Tennessee |
| 1948 | BeBe Shopp | Hopkins, Minnesota |
| 1949 | Jacque Mercer | Litchfield Park, Arizona |
| 1951 | Yolande Betbeze | Mobile, Alabama |
| 1952 | Coleen Kay Hutchins | Salt Lake City, Utah |
| 1953 | Neva Jane Langley | Macon, Georgia |
| 1954 | Evelyn Margaret Ay | Ephrata, Pennsylvania |
| 1955 | Lee Meriwether | San Francisco, California |
| 1956 | Sharon Ritchie | Denver, Colorado |
| 1957 | Marian McKnight | Manning, South Carolina |
| 1958 | Marilyn Van Derbur | Denver, Colorado |
| 1959 | Mary Ann Mobley | Brandon, Mississippi |
| 1960 | Lynda Lee Mead | Natchez, Mississippi |
| 1961 | Nancy Fleming | Montague, Michigan |
| 1962 | Maria Fletcher | Asheville, North Carolina |
| 1963 | Jacquelyn Mayer | Sandusky, Ohio |
| 1964 | Donna Axum | El Dorado, Arkansas |
| 1965 | Vonda Kay Van Dyke | Phoenix, Arizona |
| 1966 | Deborah Irene Bryant | Overland Park, Kansas |
| 1967 | Jane Anne Jayroe | Laverne, Oklahoma |
| 1968 | Debra Dene Barnes | Moran, Kansas |
| 1969 | Judith Anne Ford | Belvidere, Illinois |
| 1970 | Pamela Anne Eldred | Birmingham, Michigan |
| 1971 | Phyllis Ann George | Denton, Texas |
| 1972 | Laurie Lea Schaefer | Columbus, Ohio |
| 1973 | Terry Anne Meeuwsen | De Pere, Wisconsin |
| 1974 | Rebecca Ann King | Denver, Colorado |
| 1975 | Shirley Cothran | Fort Worth, Texas |
| 1976 | Tawny Elaine Godin | Yonkers, New York |
| 1977 | Dorothy Kathleen Benham | Edina, Minnesota |
| 1978 | Susan Perkins | Columbus, Ohio |
| 1979 | Kylene Barker | Galax, Virginia |
| 1980 | Cheryl Prewitt | Ackerman, Mississippi |
| 1981 | Susan Powell | Elk City, Oklahoma |
| 1982 | Elizabeth Ward | Russellville, Arkansas |
| 1983 | Debra Maffett | Anaheim, California |
| 1984 | Vanessa Williams | Millwood, New York |
| Suzette Charles | Mays Landing, New Jersey |
| 1985 | Sharlene Wells | Salt Lake City, Utah |
| 1986 | Susan Akin | Meridian, Mississippi |
| 1987 | Kellye Cash | Memphis, Tennessee |
| 1988 | Kaye Lani Rae Rafko | Monroe, Michigan |
| 1989 | Gretchen Carlson | Anoka, Minnesota |
| 1990 | Debbye Turner | Mexico, Missouri |
| 1991 | Marjorie Judith Vincent | Oak Park, Illinois |
| 1992 | Carolyn Suzanne Sapp | Kona, Hawaii |
| 1993 | Leanza Cornett | Jacksonville, Florida |
| 1994 | Kimberly Clarice Aiken | Columbia, South Carolina |
| Heather Whitestone | Birmingham, Alabama |
| 1996 | Shawntel Smith | Muldrow, Oklahoma |
| 1997 | Tara Dawn Holland | Overland Park, Kansas |
| 1998 | Katherine Shindle | Evanston, Illinois |
| 1999 | Nicole Johnson | Roanoke, Virginia |
| 2000 | Heather French | Augusta, Kentucky |
| 2001 | Angela Perez Baraquio | Honolulu, Hawaii |
| 2002 | Katie Harman | Gresham, Oregon |
| 2003 | Erika Harold | Urbana, Illinois |
| 2004 | Ericka Dunlap | Orlando, Florida |
| 2005 | Deidre Downs | Birmingham, Alabama |
| 2006 | Jennifer Berry | Tulsa, Oklahoma |
| 2007 | TBD | TBD |
|
*
Miss America's Outstanding Teen*
Miss Congeniality (2000), movie with a parody of the pageant as the background ("Miss United States")
*
Miss America official site*
Pageant Almanac: Miss America*
Miss America Pageant Crown On Reality TV*
Miss America 2006 at
Country Music Television
