Northeast China
Northeast China (
Simplified Chinese: 东北;
Traditional Chinese: 東北;
Pinyin: dōngběi) is a region of the
People's Republic of China defined by governmental bureaus that includes China's three northeast provinces:
Heilongjiang,
Jilin and
Liaoning. Northeast China is separated from
Russia largely by the
Amur,
Argun, and
Ussuri rivers, from
North Korea by the
Yalu and
Tumen rivers, and from
Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region by the
Da Hinggan. The heartland of Northeast China is the
Northeast China Plain (东北平原).
Northeast China was the homeland of several nomadic tribes, including the
Manchu (or
Jurchens),
Ulchs,
Hezhen (also known as the Goldi and Nanai). Various ethnic groups and their respective kingdoms, including the
Gojoseon,
Sushen,
Xianbei,
Buyeo,
Mohe,
Goguryeo,
Balhae, and
Khitan have risen to power in the Northeast.
Han Chinese dynasties in China loosely controlled southern Northeast China until the
Song dynasty. During the Song dynasty, the
Khitan set up the
Liao dynasty in northeastern China. Later, the
Jurchen overthrew the
Liao and formed the
Jin Dynasty (1115"1234), which went on to conquer northern China. In 1234, the Jin Dynasty fell to the
Mongols, who were later replaced by the
Ming Dynasty in 1368. In 1644, the Manchu conquered the entirety of China and established the
Qing dynasty (1644"1912).
Northeast China came under Russian influence with the building of the Chinese eastern railway through
Harbin to
Vladivostok.
Japan replaced Russian influence in Northeast China as a result of the
Russo-Japanese War in
1904"
1905, and Japan laid the
South Manchurian Railway in
1906 to
Port Arthur.During the period of the
warlords in China,
Chang Tso-Lin established himself in Northeast China , but was murdered by the Japanese for being too independent; the last
Manchu emperor,
Pu Yi, was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese
puppet government--
Manchukuo. After the
atomic bombing of Japan in
1945, the
Soviet Union invaded Northeast China as part of its declaration of war against Japan. From 1945 to
1948, Northeast China was a base area for the
Communist People's Liberation Army in the
Chinese Civil War. With the encouragement of the
Soviet Union, Northeast China was used as a
staging ground during the Civil War for the
Chinese Communists, who were victorious in
1949 and has been controling this region since.
Northeast China has a total population of about 110 million, accounting for 8% of China's total population. The majority of the population in Northeast is
Han Chinese. Other major ethnic groups include the
Manchus, the
Mongols, the
Koreans, the
Huis, the
Xibes, etc.
Northeast China is the country's traditional
heavy industry base, focusing mainly on equipment manufacturing. Major industries include
Steel industry,
Auto industry,
shipbuilding industry,
aircraft manufacturing,
Petroleum refinery, etc. The gross regional product of the three northeastern province totaled ¥ 160.3 trillion in the year 2002. In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the "Revitalize the Northeast campaign" to turn this region into one of China's economic growth engines.
In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of
North China and especially
Shandong, where most of the
Han Chinese migration into Northeast China originated, the native
Tungus peoples and its own innovations.
People from Northeast China speak northeastern varieties of
Mandarin Chinese, known collectively as
Dongbeihua, or the
Northeast China dialect. This dialect is very similar to the
Beijing dialect, upon which standard Chinese (
Putonghua) is based, and some Northeasterners claim to speak a more pure form of Mandarin than those in China's capital.
Errenzhuan,
Yang-ge and
Jiju are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China.
Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's
winter sports.
Ice hockey and
skating athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China.
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Friendship Square in Dalian |
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Shenyang*
Dalian*
Changchun*
Harbin*
Northeastern University (东北大学)
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Dalian University of Technology (大连理工大学)
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Jilin University (吉林大学)
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Northeast Normal University (东北师范大学)
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Northeast Forestry University (东北林业大学)
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The Provincial Government of Liaoning*
The Provincial Government of Jilin*
The Provincial Government of Heilongjiang*
North China*
Inner Manchuria*
Outer Manchuria
