Pahlavi script
The
Pahlavi script was used broadly in the
Sassanid Empire to write down
Middle Persian for secular, as well as religious purposes.
The word Pahlavi, referring to the script of Middle Persian, itself is a borrowing from
Parthian (
parthau "Parthian" â†'
pahlaw; the
semivowel glide r changes to
l, a common occurrence in language evolution). The word originally referred to the language spoken by the Parthians, and later came to be applied to the script used to write Middle Persian, which was derived from the
Aramaic alphabet. Middle Persian Pahlavi script was derived from Aramaic independently, although Inscriptional MP Pahlavi is quite similar to
Inscriptional Parthian Pahlavi.
Main article:
Pahlavi literature.
The earliest evidence of Middle Persian (MP) Pahlavi writing have reached us from the Parthian period and are used on various pieces of
graffiti that have been discovered in the
Persepolis complex. This is not to say that Middle Persian was not written any earlier than this. Indeed, there are reasons to believe that the earliest forms of Middle Persian were already written in various forms of Aramaic during the later
Achaemenid era. Still, extensive use of the MP Pahlavi seems, from the available evidence, to have occurred only after the accession of the Middle Persian-speaking
Sassanid dynasty in 224.
Categories of Pahlavi script
Pahlavi script consisted of two major forms:
Inscriptional Pahlavi and
Book Pahlavi, along with the minor category of
Psalter Pahlavi. Our earliest evidence of Pahlavi are provided by the inscriptions of various Sassanid emperors and other notables (e.g. the religious leader
Kerdir). Book Pahlavi, a smoother script in which letters often attached to form complicated
ligatures, was probably adapted later. The third category of Pahlavi, Psalter script, was used to write down a Middle Persian translation of the Psalter, and it took advantage of some improvements such as the absence of heterograms and further distinguishment of letters.
Book Pahlavi
Book Pahlavi, the most common form of the script, was a complicated writing system with 12 characters representing 24
sounds. The matter was further complicated by the wide-spread use of ligatures, heterograms, and attaching of the letters. One unique feature of Pahlavi orthography is the use of Aramaic "
heterograms" to render many common Pahlavi words. For example, the Pahlavi word for "king",
shah, was written as MLKA, recognizable as the Aramaic word for "king" cognate with contemporary
Arabic malik, but it was intended to be pronounced as
shah. Using heterograms was also applied to verbs, where Pahlavi person-number agreement and tense markers were appended to an Aramaic third-person masculine singular present verb. Many extremely common nouns, verbs, and even function words were subject to heterographic writing.
In its later forms, attempts were made to improve the alphabet by adding
diacritics and signs to the letters. Since no actual Pahlavi book has survived from the Sassanid period, we are left with medieval copies and have no way of knowing whether these improvements happened under the Sassanid rule or in the post-Islamic era. After the fall of the Sassanids, the Pahlavi script, as well as Middle Persian language, was preserved by the Zoroastrian clergy and scholars and was used to compose new pieces of literature. The alphabet was actively used by the Zoroastrian community well unto the 10th century.
*
Avestan language*
Old Persian language*
Middle Persian language*
Persian language*
Persian script*
Pahlavi script*
Pahlavi font information
