Philanthropy
Philanthropy is the voluntary act of
donating money or goods or providing some other support to a
charitable cause, usually over an extended period of time. In a more fundamental sense, philanthropy may encompass any
altruistic activity which is intended to promote good or improve human
quality of life. Someone who is well known for practicing philanthropy may sometimes be called a
philanthropist. Although such individuals are often very wealthy, people may nevertheless perform philanthropic acts without possessing great wealth.
Philanthropy is a major source of income for
artistic,
musical,
religious, and
humanitarian causes, as well as educational institutions ranging from schools to universities (see
patronage).
Philosophical views on philanthropy
Philanthropy is not always viewed as a universal good. Notable thinkers such as
Friedrich Nietzsche and
Ayn Rand opposed philanthropy on
philosophical grounds, connecting it with the idea of the weak sponging off the strong, a view sometimes endorsed by those who oppose
government welfare programs.
The purpose of philanthropy is also debated. Some equate philanthropy with benevolence and charity for the
poor and needy. Others hold that philanthropy can be any
altruistic giving towards any kind of social need that is not served by the
market.
Some believe that philanthropy can be a means to build community by growing community funds and giving vehicles. When communities see themselves as being resource rich instead of asset poor, the community is in a better place to solve community problems.
Political views on philanthropy
Philanthropy is a
private sector means of effecting
social change without recourse to
government mechanisms such as those represented by .
Governments are often supportive of philanthropic efforts. In many countries, those who donate money to a charity are given a
tax break. Some governments are suspicious of philanthropic activities as possible grabs for favor (and votes/power in democracies) of portions of the population by
non-governmental organizations.
Social activism and philanthropy
Social activists frequently criticize philanthrophic contributions by corporations whom activists consider "suspect". An example is the
Harvard, Exxon, and South Africa case.
Harvard University divested itself of
Exxon stock after pressure and accusations that Exxon's doing business in South Africa contributed to
apartheid. But when asked if they still wanted to receive philanthropic contributions from Exxon, Harvard said "yes". Some considered this morally inconsistent, others would consider it a warrented penance. If Harvard remained a stockholder, it could have voted to stop operations in the country. Instead, it sold the stock in protest. Exxon did in fact stop doing business in South Africa, as did other companies like
Xerox, thereby costing employees their jobs and South Africa several contributors to a healthy economy. On the other hand, the international embargo against South Africa finally forced the white minority to grant political and human rights to its black and coloured citizens.
Uses of the word
Conventional Usage
By the conventional definition of philanthropy, donations are dedicated to a narrowly defined cause and the donation is targeted make a recognizable change in social conditions. This often necessitates large donations and financial support sustained over time.
The need for a large financial commitment creates a distinction between philanthropy and
charitable giving, which typically plays a supporting role in a
charitable organization initiated by someone else. Thus, the conventional usage of
philanthropy applies mainly to
wealthy persons, and sometimes to a
trust created by a wealthy person.
Many non-wealthy persons have dedicated – thus, donated – substantial portions of their time, effort and wealth to charitable causes. These people are not typically described as philanthropists because individual effort alone is seldom recognized as instigating significant change. These people are thought of as charitable workers but some people wish to recognize these people as philanthropists in honor of their efforts.
Technical definitions
Robert L. Payton expanded the conventional defintion of philanthropy in his 1988 book "Philanthropy: Voluntary Action For the Public Good." The text of this book and many of his writings are available at
PaytonPapers.
*
Charity Navigator*
Altruism*
Development charities*
Foundation (charity)*
Charitable organization*
Development Ratings*
Philanthropists
*
List of wealthiest foundations*
Charity fraud*
Non-profit organization*
A Bourgeois Duty: Philanthropy, 1896-1919 — Illustrated historical essay
*
Most known American philanthropists*
List of celebrity philanthropists*
Philanthropy related links in Australia*
Short overview: "How Philanthropy Works"*
onhilanthropy - A Global Resource for Nonprofit Professionals*
Future Leaders in Philanthropy*
A Discussion with Warren Buffett and Bill and Melinda Gates about the Importance of Philantrophy*
Development Ratings - recommending development charities to philanthropists
