Robert Forke
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Robert Forke. |
Robert Forke (
April 6,
1860 –
February 2,
1934) was a
Canadian politician. He was elected as
Member of Parliament for
Brandon in
1921. In
1922, he replaced
Thomas Crerar as leader of the
Progressive Party of Canada. Later, Forke served as a
cabinet minister in the government of
William Lyon Mackenzie King.
Forke was born at
Gordon in
Berwickshire,
Scotland, and was educated at public school in
Westruther. He moved to Canada in
1882, and worked as a farmer. Forke was the
reeve of
Pipestone in Manitoba for twenty years before entering federal politics, and served as Secretary-Treasurer of the Union of Manitoba Municipalities for eleven years.
He was initially a supporter of the
Liberal Party of Canada, and campaigned for the
Legislative Assembly of Manitoba as a candidate of the
provincial Liberal Party in a
by-election held on
January 9,
1909. He lost to
Harvey Simpson of the
Conservative Party by 206 votes. Forke later became involved in the agrarian political movement, and joined the Progressive Party.
He was first elected to the
Canadian House of Commons in the
1921 election, defeating his
Conservative and Liberal opponents in
Brandon by a significant majority. The Progressives won 63 seats in a 235 member parliament, and held the potential balance of power in an evenly divided house. Soon after the election, Forke was part of delegation to
Ottawa led by party leader Thomas Crerar, seeking policy concessions from the governing Liberals in return for parliamentary support. He was named parliamentary
Whip for the Manitoba Progressives in early 1922.
In his classic study of the Progessive Party in Canada, historian W.L. Morton described Forke as "a bluff amiable Scots Canadian of transparent honest and transcendent modesty", and "a western agrarian Liberal who hoped to redeem the federal Liberal party but who thought continued Progressive independence a necessary means to that end". This moderate position was shared by Crerar, but opposed by the more radical wing of the party based in
Alberta.
After Crerar proved unable to hold the Progressive Party together, Forke was as the party's executive chairman and house leader on
November 11,
1922. Some reports indicate that he defeated
Joseph Shaw in a vote of assembled delegates, though Shaw claimed he withdrew before a vote took place. The change in leadership brought little change in policy direction, and Crerar remained an important organizer for the party.
In
1923, Forke moved an amendment to
W.S. Fielding's budget, called for dramatic reductions in tariff rates. This was defeated, although two backbench Liberals voted with the Progressives. One year later, Forke refused to support a similar motion from
J.S. Woodsworth which could have brought the government down.
Forke served as Progressive Party leader at a time when the party, which never had a strong central organization to begin with, was fragmenting into a series of smaller factions. Several
Members of Parliament left the Progressive caucus between 1922 and 1925, including the radical "Ginger Group" on the left and tacit Liberal Party supporters on the right. Forke attempted to maintain party unity, although the party's internal contradictions may have ultimately made this task impossible.
For the
1925 federal election, Forke issued a party manifesto which described both of the "old parties" as ineffective, and opposed formal alignment with the Liberals. Forke himself only campaigned in Manitoba and
Saskatchewan, and the Progressive effort as a whole was weaker than in 1921. The party fell to 24 seats, all of which located west of Ontario. Forke was personally re-elected in Brandon, though by a greatly reduced margin.
The Conservative Party emerged as the largest parliamentary group in the election but did not win a majority of seats, leaving the Progressives in a kingmaker position. After a series of negotiations, and with Forke's personal encouragement, the Progressive caucus agreed to support the Liberals under Mackenzie King. Forke favoured cabinet representation for his party, but this was rejected by the Alberta wing. Forke was retained as Progressive house leader at a meeting in early 1926, although Alberta representative
Henry Elvins Spencer was chosen as the new party secretary.
Morton speculates that Forke and the Manitoba Progressive MPs were reconciled to a Liberal-Progressive fusion by this time, and argues that it was only the Customs Scandal which prevented this from happening in the 1925-26 parliament. Forke resigned as Progressive house leader on
June 30,
1926, one day after Mackenzie King resigned as
Prime Minister.
Conservative leader
Arthur Meighen was nominated by the
Governor-General to replace King as Prime Minister, but Meighen's government soon fell on a confidence measure when the Progressive refused to support him. The Progressive Party did not fight the
1926 election as a united force, and instead fragmented into a series of provincial organizations which followed different strategies. The Manitoba Progressives forged an electoral alliance with the Liberals, elected seven members on a "
Liberal-Progressive" ticket, and made arrangements in other ridings to avoid vote-splitting against the Conservatives.
Forke was one of the seven Liberal-Progressives returned for Manitoba. This bloc of MPs insisted on remaining a separate parliamentary group, but caucused with the Liberals and were seated as a group on the Liberal benches. The alliance of the two parties was confirmed on
September 25,
1926, when Forke was appointed
Minister of Immigration and Colonization with the consent of the Liberal-Progressive caucus. He held this position for over three years, and was appointed by Mackenzie King to the
Canadian Senate on
December 30,
1929.
Forke served as a "Liberal-Progressive" Senator until his death in 1934.
# W.L. Morton,
The Progressive Party in Canada, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950, rev. 1967), p. 135.# Morton, p. 152.# Morton, pp. 164-165.# Morton, p. 184, 190-191.# Morton, pp. 194-98, 207.# Morton, pp. 240, 243.# Morton, pp. 247-249.# Morton, pp. 256-257.# Morton, p. 271
*
Political biography from the Library of Parliament*
An article containing primary documents relating to Robert Forke
