Roman civil wars
End to Civil Wars
After 30 BC, the Republic was unified under leadership of Octavian. In
27 BC Octavian was granted the title of
Augustus by the Senate. These two dates are considered to mark the end of the Republic and the birth of the
Roman Empire. The next Roman civil war would not be fought until after
Nero's suicide in
68 AD, the year before the
year of the four emperors. The period of rule by the Caesars was known as the "Pax Augusti" (peace of Augustus), and was the beginning of the era known as the "
Pax Romana" (Roman Peace).
There were several
Roman civil wars, especially during the time of the late
Republic. They were:
*
First Servile War (
135â€"
132 BC), between Rome and a slave insurrection on Sicily - Roman victory.
*
Second Servile War (
104â€"
103 BC), between Rome and a slave insurrection on Sicily - Roman victory.
*
Social War (
91â€"
88 BC), between Rome and the Italian nations - Roman victory.
*
Sulla's first civil war (
88â€"
87 BC), between
Lucius Cornelius Sulla's supporters and
Gaius Marius' forces - Marian victory.
*
Sertorius' revolt in Hispania (
83â€"
72 BC), between Rome and the provinces of
Hispania under the leadership of
Sertorius - Roman victory.
*
Sulla's second civil war (
82â€"
81 BC), between Sulla and Marius' supporters - Sullan victory.
*
Third Servile War (
73â€"
71 BC), between Rome and a slave insurrection in Italy led by
Spartacus - Roman victory.
*
Catiline Conspiracy (
63â€"
62 BC), between the Senate and the dissatisfied followers of
Lucius Sergius Catilina - Senatorial victory.
*
Caesar's civil war (
49â€"
45 BC), between
Julius Caesar and the
optimates (conservative republicans), initially led by
Pompey - Caesarean victory.
*
Post-Caesarian civil war (
44 BC), between the
Senate army (led first by
Cicero and then by
Octavian) and the army of
Antony,
Lepidus, and their colleagues - Truce results in union of forces.
*
Liberators' civil war (
44â€"
42 BC), between the
Second Triumvirate and the Liberators (
Brutus and
Cassius, Caesar's assassins) - Triumvirate victory.
*
Sicilian revolt (
44â€"
36 BC), between the
Second Triumvirate (particularly
Octavian and
Agrippa) and
Sextus Pompeius, the son of Pompey - Triumvirate victory.
*
Fulvia's civil war (
41â€"
40 BC), between the forces of
Lucius Antonius and
Fulvia Antonia (the younger brother and wife of
Mark Antony) and Octavian - Octavian victory.
*
Final war of the Roman Republic (
32â€"
30 BC), between the Western provinces (under the leadership of Octavian and Agrippa) and the East (under Mark Antony and
Cleopatra) - Western victory.
