Rotoscope
Rotoscoping is a technique where
animators trace live action movement,
frame by frame, for use in
animated films. Originally, pre-recorded live-film images were projected onto a
matte windowpane and redrawn by an animator. This projection equipment is called a
Rotoscope.
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Patent drawing for Fleischer's original rotoscope. The artist is drawing on a transparent easel, onto which the movie projector at the right is throwing an image of a single film frame. |
The technique was invented by
Max Fleischer, who used it in his series "
Out of the Inkwell" starting around
1914, with his brother
Dave Fleischer dressed in a
clown outfit as the live-film reference for the character
Koko the Clown.
Fleischer used rotoscope in a number of his later cartoons as well, most notably the
Cab Calloway dance routines in three
Betty Boop cartoons from the early
1930s, and the animation of Gulliver in
Gulliver's Travels.
Walt Disney and his animators employed it carefully and very effectively in
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, primarily used in the animation of Prince Charming. Rotoscoping was also used in many of Disney's subsequent animated feature films.
Ralph Bakshi used the technique quite extensively in his animated movies
Wizards (
1977),
The Lord of the Rings (
1978),
American Pop (
1981), and
Fire and Ice (
1983). Bakshi first turned to rotoscoping because he was refused by 20th Century Fox for a $50,000 budget increase to finish
Wizards, and thus had to resort to the rotoscope technique to finish the battle sequences. (This was the same meeting at which
George Lucas was also denied a $3 million budget increase to finish
Star Wars.)
Rotoscoping was also used in
Heavy Metal, the
1985 A-ha music video
Take on Me, and
Don Bluth's
Titan A.E..
Smoking Car Productions invented a digital rotoscoping process in 1994 for the creation of its critically-acclaimed adventure game
The Last Express. The process was awarded U.S. Patent 6061462: Digital Cartoon and Animation Process.
Using a similar technique,
Richard Linklater produced a digitally rotoscoped feature called
Waking Life, creating a
surreal image of live action footage, a technique which he also used in the production of the film
A Scanner Darkly. Linklater licensed the same proprietary rotoscoping process for the look of both films. Linklater is the first director to use digital rotoscoping to create an entire feature film.
Additionally, a 2005-06 advertising campaign by Charles Schwab uses rotoscoping for a series of television spots, under the tagline "Talk to Chuck." This distinctive look is the work of
Bob Sabiston, an
MIT Media Lab veteran who brought the same "interpolated rotoscoping" technique to the
Richard Linklater films
Waking Life and
A Scanner Darkly.
Rotoscoping is decried by some animation purists, but has often been used to good effect. When used as an animator's reference tool, it can be a valuable time-saver.
Rotoscope output can have slight deviations from the true line that differ from frame to frame, which when animated cause the animated line to "boil". Avoiding boiling requires considerable skill in the person performing the tracing, though causing the "boil" intentionally is a stylistic technique sometimes used to emphasize the surreal quality of rotoscoping, as in the music video
Take on Me.
Rotoscoping has often been used as a tool for
special effects in
live action movies. By tracing an object, a silhouette (called a
matte) can be created that can be used to create an empty space in a background scene. This allows the object to be placed in the scene. However, this technique has been largely superseded by
bluescreen techniques.
Rotoscoping has also been used to allow a special visual effect (such as a glow, for example) to be guided by the matte or rotoscoped line. One classic use of traditional rotoscoping was in the original three
Star Wars films, where it was used to create the glowing
lightsaber effect, by creating a matte based on sticks held by the actors.
The term "rotoscoping" (typically abbreviated as "roto") is now generally used for the corresponding all-digital process of tracing outlines over
digital film images to produce digital mattes. This technique is still in wide use for special cases where techniques such as
bluescreen will not pull an accurate enough matte. Rotoscoping in the digital domain is often aided by
motion tracking and
onion-skinning software. Rotoscoping is often used in the preparation of
garbage mattes for other matte-pulling processes.
Motion capture is a form of digital rotoscope.
in animated films:
*
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs* The
1940s Superman cartoons*
Yellow Submarine*
The Lord of the Rings (1978)
*
American Pop*
Titan A.E.*
Kid's Story (
The Animatrix short)
*
Waking Life*
A Scanner Darklyin live action films:
*
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (title sequence)
*
Star Wars*
Tron (combination of
computer animation and live action)
*
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (combination of
traditional animation and live action)
*
Kill Bill Vol. 1 (Chapter Three: The Origin of O-Ren uses a combination of
rotoscoping and
traditional animation)
*
Harry and the Hendersons (Certain scenes from the movie are rotoscoped for the end credits.)
in video games:
*
The Last Express*
Prince of Persia*
Karateka*
Another World*
Flashback: The Quest for Identity*
Blackthornein music videos:
*
Take on Me by
a-ha *
Money for Nothing by
Dire Straits*
Breaking the Habit by
Linkin Park*
Frontline by
Pillar*
Destiny by
Zero 7*
Frijolero by
Molotov*
Drive by
Incubus*
Go With the Flow by
Queens of the Stone Agein television shows:
*
Delta State*
Rotoshop is also referred to as
interpolated rotoscoping
*
Description of Smoking Car Productions' Digital Rotoscoping Patent*
Article On Richard Linklater's Use of Rotoscoping
