Special Corps of Gendarmes
The
Special Corps of Gendarmes (Отдельный корпус жандармов) was the secret
military police of the
Russian Empire in the
1800s and early
1900s. Its main responsibilities were
law enforcement and
state security.
The responsibilities of the Gendarmes also included execution of court orders, chasing fugitives,
riot control, and detainment of unusual criminals. Gendarmes could also be assigned to assist local police and officials.
The precursors of the Corps were the Army
Gendarmerie regiment, created in
1815 and based on the Borisoglebsk Dragoon
regiment, and Gendarmerie units of the Special Corps of the
Internal Guards. Following the
1825 revolt, the new
tsar,
Nicholas I, created the office of the
Chief of Gendarmes in July
1826 and appointed General
Count Alexander Benkendorf to it; all of the Gendarmes were subordinate to the Chief. Benkendorf was also appointed Executive Director of the newly-created
Third Section of the Imperial Chancellery, although the office of the Head of the Third Section was not formally merged with Chief of Gendarmes until
1839.
In
1836, the Gendarmerie of the Internal Guards was transformed into the
Special Corps of Gendarmes, under the Chief of Gendarmes. The Commander of the Corps and Chief of Staff of the Corps were also Directors of the Third Section under the Executive Director. The Corps was divided into seven territorial Districts, six of them located in
Russia and one in the
Kingdom of Poland, each having a Directorate. The Main Directorate, along with additional
Gubernial Directorates, was also created. The Army's Gendarmerie regiment joined the Corps in
1842.
The Gendarmes were using Cavalry ranks of the
Russian military ranks system introduced in
1826.
As of
1867 statute, the Corps consisted of:
* Main Directorate
*
Surveillance staff
*
Caucasus,
Warsaw and
Siberia Districts
*
Gubernial Directorates (56)
*
Uyezd Directorates (50)
* Railroad Directorates
*
St. Petersburg,
Moscow and Warsaw divisions
* Mounted units (13)
In
1871 the Gendarmes acquired the right to investigate both political and criminal cases, as the judicial investigators were dismissed.
Only the most competent of the Army's officers in noble ranks could join the Corps of Gendarmes. Although the Corps maintained a powerful image, its large network of
informers and agents often supplied nothing more than rumors and slanders; the Gendarmes were obviously incapable of infiltrating real
revolutionary organizations. In August
1880, both the Third Section and the Special Corps of Gendarmes were transferred to the authority of the by proposal of
Count Loris-Melikov. The office Chief of Gendarmes was inherited by the Minister, and the Commander of the Corps became his Deputy. Many Gendarme officers were transferred to then-created Department of Police.
Following the
1902 assassination of MVD Minister
Sipyagin, the state security power of Gendarmerie Directorates was transmitted to the
Okhranka and
counter-intelligence units of the General Staff and the Department of Police.
Political police and political terrorism in Russia (second half of XIX - beginning of XX). Collection of documents. Compiled by V.I. Kochanov, N.N. Parfyonova, M.V. Sidorova, Ye. I. Sherbakova. Moscow, AIRO-XX (2000). ISBN 5-88735-079-2. (In Russian). [
1]
* Official history of the
MVD of Russia:
1825-1856 1857-1879 1880-1904 1905-1916*
Ministry of Police of Imperial Russia
