Taxonomy of the Euphorbiaceae

Here is a full taxonomy of the family Euphorbiaceae, according to the most recent molecular research. This complex family previously comprising 5 subfamilies: the Acalyphoideae, the Crotonoideae, the Euphorbioideae, the Phyllanthoideae and the Oldfieldioideae. The 3 first ones are uni-ovulate families while the 2 last one are bi-ovulate.

Now the Euphorbiaceae has been split into 5 families: The 3 uni-ovulate subfamilies have become the Euphorbiaceae in the strict sense, with the tribe Galearieae in the Acalyphoideae forming the most of the family Pandaceae. The bi-ovulate subfamily Phyllanthoideae has become the family Phyllanthaceae, with the tribe Drypeteae as family Putranjivaceae and the tribe Centroplaceae part of the Pandaceae. The other bi-ovulate subfamily Oldfieldioideae has become the Picrodendraceae.

Subfamily Acalyphoideae

Tribe Acalypheae

There are 12 subtribes and 32 genera:

Subtribe Acalyphinae:Acalypha (also Acalyphes, Acalyphopsis, Calyptrospatha, Caturus, Corythea, Cupameni, Galurus, Gymnalypha, Linostachys, Mercuriastrum, Odonteilema, Paracelsea, Ricinocarpus, Schizogyne, Usteria)

Subtribe Adrianinae:Adriana (also Meialisa, Trachycaryon)

Subtribe Claoxylinae:Claoxylon (also Erythrochilus, Erythrochylus):Claoxylopsis:Discoclaoxylon:Erythrococca (also Athroandra, Autrandra, Chloropatane, Deflersia, Poggeophyton, Rivinoides):Micrococca

Subtribe Cleidiinae:Cleidion (also Lasiostyles, Psilostachys, Redia, Tetraglossa):Sampantaea:Wetria (also Pseudotrewia)

Subtribe Dysopsidinae:Dysopsis (also Mirabellia, Molina)

Subtribe Lasiococcinae:Clonostylis:Homonoia (also called Haematospermum, Lumanaja'']):Lasiococca:Spathiostemon (also Polydragma)

Subtribe Lobaniliinae:Lobanilia

Subtribe Macaranginae:Macaranga (also Adenoceras, Mappa, Mecostylis, Pachystemon, Panopia, Phocea, Tanarius)

Subtribe Mareyinae:Mareya:Mareyopsis

Subtribe Mercurialinae:Mercurialis (also Cynocrambe, Discoplis, Synema):Leidesia:Seidelia

Subtribe Ricininae:Ricinus - castor bean

Subtribe Rottlerinae:Avellanita:Coccoceras:Cordemoya (also Boutonia):Deuteromallotus:Mallotus (also Aconceveibum, Axenfeldia, Coelodiscus, Diplochlamys, Echinocroton, Echinus, Hancea, Lasipana, Plagianthera, Rottlera,Stylanthus):Neotrewia:Octospermum:Rockinghamia:Trewia (also Canschi, Trevia)

Tribe Adelieae

There are 5 genera:

Adelia (also Ricinella):Crotonogynopsis:Enriquebeltrania (also Beltrania):Lasiocroton:Leucocroton

Tribe Agrostistachydeae

There are 4 genera::Agrostistachys (also Heterocalyx, Sarcoclinium):Chondrostylis (also Kunstlerodendron):Cyttaranthus:Pseudagrostistachys

Tribe Alchorneae

There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:

Subtribe Alchorneinae:Alchornea (also Bleekeria, Cladodes, Hermesia, Lepidoturus, Schousboea, Stipellaria):Aparisthmium:Bocquillonia (also Ramelia):Orfilea (also Diderotia, Laurembergia)

Subtribe Conceveibinae:Conceveiba (also Conceveibastrum, Conceveibum, Veconcibea):Gavarretia:Polyandra

Tribe Ampereae

There are 2 genera::Amperea (also Leptomeria):Monotaxis (also Hippocrepandra, Reissipa)

Tribe Bernardieae

There are 6 genera::Adenophaedra:Amyrea:Bernardia (also Alevia, Bernarda, Bernhardia, Bivonia, Passaea, Phaedra, Polyboea, Traganthus, Tyria):Discocleidion:Necepsia (also Neopalissya, Palissya):Paranecepsia

Tribe Caryodendreae

There are 3 genera::Alchorneopsis:Caryodendron (also Centrodiscus):Discoglypremna

Tribe Chaetocarpeae

This tribe has 2 genera::Chaetocarpus (also Gaedawakka, Mettenia, Neochevaliera, Regnaldia):Trigonopleura (also Peniculifera)

Tribe Cheiloseae

There are 2 genera::Cheilosa:Neoscortechinia (also Alcineanthus, Scortechinia)

Tribe Chrozophoreae

This tribe has 4 subtribes and 12 genera:

Subtribe Chrozophorinae:Chrozophora (also Crossophora, Crozophora, Ricinoides, Tournesol, Tournesolia)

Subtribe Ditaxinae:Argythamnia (also Argithamnia, Argothamnia, Argyrothamnia, Argytamnia, Odotalon, Serophyton):Caperonia (also Acanthopyxis, Androphoranthus, Cavanilla, Lepidococea, Meterana):Chiropetalum (also Aonikena, Desfontaena, Desfontaina, Desfontainea):Ditaxis (also Aphora, Paxiuscula, Stenonia):Philyra (also Phyllera)

Subtribe Doryxylinae:Doryxylon (also Mercadoa, Sumbavia):Melanolepis:Sumbaviopsis (also Adisa, Adisca):Thyrsanthera

Subtribe Speranskiinae:Speranskia

Annual Mercury (Mercurialis annua)

Tribe Clutieae

There are 2 genera::Clutia (also Altora, Cluytia, Clytia):Kleinodendron

Tribe Dicoelieae

This tribe has one genus::Dicoelia

Tribe Epiprineae

There are 2 subtribes and 9 genera:

Subtribe Epiprininae:Adenochlaena (also Niedenzua, Centrostylis):Cephalocroton:Cephalocrotonopsis:Cladogynos (also Adenogynum, Baprea, Chloradenia):Cleidiocarpon (also Sinopimelodendron):Epiprinus:Koilodepas (also Caelodepas, Calpigyne, Coelodepas, Nephrostylus):Symphyllia

Subtribe Cephalomappinae:Cephalomappa (also Muricococcum)

Tribe Erismantheae

There are 3 genera::Erismanthus:Moultonianthus:Syndyophyllum

Tribe Omphaleae

This tribe only has 1 genus::Omphalea (also Duchola, Hebecocca, Hecatea, Neomphalea, Omphalandria, Ronnowia)

Tribe Pereae

There is only 1 genus::Pera

Tribe Plukenetieae

There are 3 subtribes and 13 genera:

Subtribe Dalechampiinae:Dalechampia (also Cremophyllum, Dalechampsia, Megalostylis, Rhopalostylis)

Subtribe Plukenetiinae:Angostylis (also Angostyles):Astrococcus:Plukenetia (also Accia, Angostylidium, Apopandra, Botryanthe, Ceratococcus, Elaeophora, Eleutherostigma, Fragariopsis, Hedraiostylus, Pseudotragia, Pterococcus, Sajorium, Tetracarpidium or Vigia):Haematostemon:Romanoa (also Anabaena, Anabaenella)

Subtribe Tragiinae:Acidoton (also Durandeeldia, Gitara):Cnesmone (also Cenesmon, Cnesmosa):Megistostigma (also Clavistylus):Pachystylidium:Platygyna (also Acanthocaulon):Sphaerostylis:Tragia (also Agirta, Allosandra, Bia, Ctenomeria, Lassia, Leptobotrys, Leptorhachis, Leucandra, Schorigeram, Zuckertia)

Tribe Pogonophoreae

This tribe only has 1 genus::Pogonophora (also Poraresia)

Tribe Pycnocomeae

There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:

Subtribe Blumeodendrinae:Blumeodendron:Botryophora (also Botryospora, Botryphora):Podadenia:Ptychopyxis (also Clarorivinia)

Subtribe Pycnocominae:Argomuellera (also Neopycnocoma, Wetriaria):Droceloncia:Pycnocoma (also Comopyena)

Tribe Sphyranthereae

There is only 1 genus::Sphyranthera

Subfamily Crotonoideae

Tribe Adenoclineae

There are 2 subtribes and 6 genera:

Subtribe Adenoclininae:Adenocline (also Adenoclina, Diplostylis, Paradenocline):Ditta:Glycydendron:KlaineanthusTetrorchidium (also Hasskarlia, Tetrorchidiopsis)

Subtribe Endosperminae:Endospermum (also Capellenia)

Tribe Aleuritideae

This tribe has 6 subtribes and 16 genera:

Subtribe Aleuritinae:Aleurites (also Camirium):Reutealis:Vernicia (also Ambinux, Dryandra, Elaeococca)

Subtribe Benoistiinae:Benoistia

Subtribe Crotonogyninae:Crotonogyne (also Neomanniophyton):Cyrtogonone:Manniophyton

Subtribe Garciinae:Garcia (also called Carcia)

Subtribe Grosserinae:Anomalocalyx:Cavacoa:Grossera:Neoholstia (also Holstia):Sandwithia:Tannodia (also Domohinea):Tapoides

Subtribe Neoboutoniinae:Neoboutonia

Tribe Codiaeae

There are 15 genera:

Acidocroton:Baliospermum:Baloghia (also Steigeria):Blachia (also Deonia):Codiaeum (also Crozophyla, Junghuhnia, Phyllaurea, Synaspisma):Colobocarpos:Dimorphocalyx:Dodecastigma:Fontainea:Hylandia:Ophellantha:Ostodes:Pantadenia:Sagotia:Strophioblachia

Tribe Crotoneae

There are 5 genera:

Brasiliocroton:Croton (also Agelandra, Aldinia, Angelandra, Anisepta, Anisophyllum, Argyra, Argyrodendron, Astraea, Astrogyne, Aubertia, Banalia, Barhamia, Brachystachys, Calypteriopetalon, Cascarilla, Centrandra, Cieca, Cleodora, Codonocalyx, Comatocroton, Crotonanthus, Crotonopsis, Cyclostigma, Decarinium, Drepadenium, Eluteria, Engelmannia, Eremocarpus, Eutrophia, Friesia, Furcaria, Geiseleria, Gynamblosis, Halecus, Hendecandas, Heptallon, Heterochlamys, Heterocroton, Julocroton, Klotzschiphytum, Kurkas, Lasiogyne, Leptemon, Leucadenia, Luntia, Macrocroton, Medea, Merleta, Monguia, Myriogomphus, Ocalia, Oxydectes, Palanostigma, Penteca, Pilinophyton, Piscaria, Pleopadium, Podostachys, Saipania, Schradera, Semilta, Tiglium, Timandra, Tridesmis, Triplandra, Vandera):Mildbraedia (also Neojatropha, Plesiatropha):Moacroton (also Cubacroton):Paracroton (also Desmostemon, Fahrenheitia)

Tribe Elateriospermeae

This tribe only has 1 genus::Elateriospermum (also Elaterioides, Elaterispermum)

Tribe Gelonieae

This tribe has 2 genera::Cladogelonium:Suregada (also Ceratophorus, Erythrocarpus, Gelonium, Owataria)

Tribe Jatropheae

There are 8 genera:

Annesijoa:Deutzianthus:Jatropha (also Adenorhopium, Adenoropium, Castiglionia, Collenucia, Curcas, Jatropa, Loureira, Mesandrinia, Mozinna, Zimapania):Joannesia (also Anda, Andicus):Leeuwenbergia:Loerzingia:Oligoceras:Vaupesia

Tribe Manihoteae

This tribe has 2 genera::Cnidoscolus (also Bivonea, Jussieuia, Mandioca, Victorinia) - spurge nettle:Manihot (also Hotnima, Janipha, Manihotoides)

Tribe Micrandreae

There are 2 subtribes and 4 genera:

Subtribe Heveinae:Hevea (also Caoutchoua, Micrandra, Siphonanthus, Siphonia)

Subtribe Micrandrinae:Cunuria:Micrandra (also Clusiophyllum, Pogonophyllum):Micrandropsis

Tribe Ricinocarpeae

There are 2 subtribes and 7 genera:

Subtribe Bertyinae:Bertya (also Lambertya):Borneodendron:Cocconerion:Myricanthe

Subtribe Ricinocarpinae:Alphandia:Beyeria (also Beyeriopsis, Calyptrostigma, Clavipodium):Ricinocarpus (also Echinosphaera, Ricinocarpus, Roeperia)

Tribe Ricinodendreae

There are 2 genera::Ricinodendron:Schinziophyton

Tribe Trigonostemoneae

There is only 1 genus::Trigonostemon (also Actephilopsis, Athroisma, Enchidium, Kurziodendron, Neotrigonostemon, Nepenthandra, Poilaniella, Prosartema, Silvaea, Telogyne, Tritaxis, Tylosepalum)

Subfamily Euphorbioideae

Tribe Euphorbieae

This tribe has 3 subtribes and 6 genera:

Subtribe Anthosteminae:Anthostema:Dichostemma

Subtribe Euphorbiinae:Cubanthus (to be transferred to Euphorbia):Euphorbia (also Ademo, Adenopetalum, Adenorima, Agaloma, Aklema, Alectoroctonum, Allobia, Anisophyllum, Anthacantha, Aplarina, Arthrothamnus, Bojeria, Ceraselma, Chamaesyce, Characias, Chylogala, Crepidaria, Ctenadena, Cyathophora, Cystidospermum, Dactylanthes, Dematra, Desmonema, Diadenaria, Dichrophyllum, Dichylium, Diplocyathium, Ditritra, Elaeophorbia, Endadenium, Endoisila, Epurga, Esula, Euforbia, Eumecanthus, Euphorbiastrum, Euphorbiodendron, Euphorbiopsis, Euphorbium, Galarhoeus, Hexadenia, Kanopikon, Kobiosis, Lacanthis, Lathyris, Lepadena, Leptopus, Lophobios, Lortia, Lyciopsis, Medusea, Monadenium, Nisomenes, Ossifraga, Peccana, Pedilanthus, Petalandra, Pleuradena, Poinsettia, Pythius, Sclerocyathium, Stenadenium, Sterigmanthe, Synadenium, Tithymaloides, Tithymalopsis, Tithymalus, Torfasadis, Treisia, Tricherostigma, Trichosterigma, Tumalis, Vallaris, Ventenatia, Xamesike, Zalitea, Zygophyllidium):Subtribe Neoguillauminiinae:Calycopeplus:Neoguillauminia

Tribe Hippomaneae

This tribe has 2 subtribes and 33 genera:

Subtribe Carumbiinae:Omalanthus (also Carumbium, Dibrachion, Dibrachium, Duania, Wartmannia)

Subtribe Hippomaninae:Actinostemon (also Dactylostemon):Adenopeltis:Anomostachys:Balakata:Bonania (also Hypocoton):Colliguaja:Conosapium:Dalembertia (also Alcoceria):Dendrocousinsia:Dendrothrix:Ditrysinia:Duvigneaudia:Excoecaria (also Commia, Glyphostylus):Falconeria:Grimmeodendron:Gymnanthes (also Adenogyne, Ateramnus):Hippomane (also Mancanilla, Mancinella):Mabea:Maprounea (also Aegopicron, Aegopricon, Aegopricum):Neoshirakia (also Shirakia):Pleradenophora:Pseudosenefeldera:Rhodothyrsus:Sapium (also Carumbium, Gymnobothrys, Sapiopsis, Seborium, Shirakiopsis, Stillingfleetia, Taeniosapium) - Chinese tallow:Sclerocroton:Sebastiania (also Clonostachys, Cnemidostachys, Elachocroton, Gussonia, Microstachys, Sarothrostachys, Tragiopsis):Senefeldera:Senefelderopsis:Spegazziniophytum:Spirostachys:Stillingia (also Gymnostillingia):Triadica

Tribe Hureae

There are 4 genera::Algernonia:Hura:Ophthalmoblapton:Tetraplandra (also Dendrobryon)

Tribe Pachystromateae

There is one genus::Pachystroma (also Acantholoma)

Tribe Stomatocalyceae

There are 2 subtribes and 4 genera:

Subtribe Hamilcoinae:Hamilcoa:Nealchornea

Subtribe Stomatocalycinae:Pimelodendron (also Stomatocalyx):Plagiostyles

See also

*Taxonomy of the Phyllanthaceae
*Taxonomy of the Picrodendraceae