Wilhelm Reich
 |
Dr. Wilhelm Reich |
Wilhelm Reich (
March 24,
1897–
November 3,
1957) was an
Austrian
psychiatrist and
psychoanalyst. In the 1930s he developed
Vegetotherapy, thus becoming the founder of
Body Psychotherapy. From the 1940s onwards he was engaged in
orgone research.
Reich's psychoanalytic book,
Character Analysis (1933) was regarded a milestone in
Psychoanalysis. Nevertheless Reich was expelled from all psychoanalytic organisations in 1934. When
Hitler was appointed Reichskanzler on 30th January 1933, Reich, at that time a member of the
German Communist Party (KPD) living in Berlin, immediately fled Germany, settling in
Scandinavia. His book
The Mass Psychology of Fascism, appearing 1933 in Denmark, effected his exclusion from the KPD. In his Oslo exile Reich was occupied with research in psycho-physiology and micro-biology (see
#The bion experiments).
In August 1939, few days before the outbreak of the war, Reich left Oslo for New York. There he announced he had discovered a new form of energy (
orgone) and continued research. In 1947, following a series of politically motivated articles in
The New Republic and
Harper's, the U.S.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began an investigation into Reich's claims about the therapeutical value of orgone, and won an injunction against interstate commerce of orgone devices in 1954. After violating the injunction, Reich was charged with contempt of court. He conducted his own defense, even if he maintained that a court is not the place to decide on scientific matters. He was sentenced to two years' imprisonment, all orgone devices were destroyed, and several tons of his publications were
burned. At 22 March 1957 Reich was imprisoned. An appeal for a presidential pardon failed. Reich was eligible for parole on November 10. He died some days earlier of heart failure.
Wilhelm Reich was born in Dobrzanica, a village near
Lemberg, then part of the
Austro-Hungarian Empire, now in the
Ukraine. His parents, Leon Reich, a prosperous farmer, and Cecilia Roniger, were . Shortly after his birth, the family moved south to a farm in Jujinetz, near
Chernivtsi,
Bukovina. He attributed his later interest in the study of sex and the biological basis of the emotions to his upbringing on his father's farm where, as he later put it, the "natural life functions" were never hidden from him. He was taught at home until he was 13 when his mother committed suicide after being discovered having an affair with Reich's tutor. [
1]
Reich fled his home when the Russian army invaded shortly after his father's death in 1914. In his
Passion of Youth, he wrote: "I never saw either my homeland or my possessions again. Of a well-to-do past, nothing was left."
He joined the Austrian Army, serving from 1915-18, for the last two years as a
lieutenant. In 1918, when the war ended, he entered the medical school at the
University of Vienna. As an undergraduate, he was drawn to the work of
Sigmund Freud, who became aware of Reich's work in 1919 when Reich organized a seminar on
sexology. Reich was accepted for membership of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association in October 1920 at the age of 23. According to the Wilhelm Reich Museum's biography, he was allowed to complete his six-year medical degree in four years because he was a war veteran, and received his
M.D. in July 1922. [
2] He worked in Internal Medicine at University Hospital, Vienna, and studied neuropsychiatry from 1922-24 at the Neurological and Psychiatric Clinic under Professor
Wagner-Jauregg, who won the
Nobel Prize in medicine in 1927. It was at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Association that Reich met Annie Pink, a fellow analyst-in-training. They married, and had their first daughter, Eva, in 1924 and a second daughter in 1928. The marriage was not a happy one, and did not last.
In 1922, Reich set up private practice as a psychoanalyst, and became first clinical assistant, and later vice-director, at Freud's Psychoanalytic Polyclinic. He joined the faculty of the Psychoanalytic Institute in Vienna in 1924, and conducted research into the social causes of
neurosis.
Reich developed a theory that the ability to feel sexual love depended on a physical ability to make love with what he called "orgastic potency." He attempted to "measure" the male
orgasm, noting that four distinct phases occurred physiologically: first, the psychosexual build-up or tension; second. the
tumescence of the
penis, with an accompanying "charge," which Reich measured
electrically; third, an electrical discharge at the moment of orgasm, and fourth, the relaxation of the penis. He believed the force that he measured was a distinct type of
energy present in all
life forms. He called it "orgone." [
3]
He was a prolific writer for psychoanalytic journals in
Europe, and his book
Character Analysis brought forth a small revolution in the practice of psychoanalysis itself, and is still used today as a textbook for analytically-oriented classes in medical schools. Originally psychoanalysis was focused on the treatment of neurotic symptoms.
Character Analysis was a major step in the development of what today would be called
ego psychology. In Reich's view a person's entire character (or personality), not only individual symptoms, could be looked at and treated as a neurotic phenomenon. The book also introduced Reich's theory of "body armoring." He argued that unreleased psychosexual energy could produce actual physical blocks within
muscles and
organs, and that these act as a "body armor," preventing the release of the energy. An orgasm was one way to break through the armor. These ideas developed into a general theory of the importance of a healthy
sex life to overall well-being, a theory compatible with Freud's views.
Reich agreed with Freud that sexual development was the origin of mental disorder. They both believed that most psychological states were dictated by
unconscious processes; that infant sexuality develops early but is repressed, and that this has important consequences for
mental health. They were both
atheists, believing that
morality is a repression of the sexuality of individuals imposed on them as they move from childhood to maturity. At that time a
Marxist, Reich argued that the source of sexual repression was
bourgeois morality and the socio-economic structures that produced it. As sexual repression was the cause of the
neuroses, the best cure would be to have an active, guilt-free sex life. He argued that such a liberation could come about only through a morality not imposed by a repressive economic structure. [
4] In
1928, he joined the Austrian Communist Party and founded the
Socialist Association for Sexual Counselling and Research, which organized counselling centers for workers—in contrast to Freud, who was perceived as treating only the bourgeoisie.
Reich employed an unusual therapeutic method. He used touch to accompany the talking cure, taking an active role in sessions, feeling his patients' chests to check their breathing, repositioning their bodies, and sometimes requiring them to remove their clothes, so that men were treated wearing shorts and women in bra and panties. These methods caused a split between Reich and the rest of the psychoanalytic community. [
5]
In 1930, he moved his practice to
Berlin and joined the
Communist Party of Germany, becoming its spokesman. His best-known book,
The Sexual Revolution, was published at this time in Vienna. Advocating free
contraceptives and
abortion on demand, he again set up clinics in working-class areas and taught sex education, but eventually became too outspoken even for the
communists, and he was expelled from the party in 1933.
In the same year,
The Mass Psychology of Fascism was published, in which Reich categorized
fascism as a symptom of sexual repression. The book was banned by the
Nazis when they came to power. Reich was expelled from the International Psychological Association in 1934 for political militancy. German newspapers started attacking him as a womanizer, a communist, and a Jew who advocated free love. He realized he was in danger and hurriedly left
Germany disguised as a tourist on a ski trip to Austria. He spent some years in
Denmark,
Sweden, and
Norway, before leaving for the
U.S. in 1939.
From 1934-37, based for most of the period in
Oslo, Reich conducted experiments seeking the origins of life. He examined
protozoa, single-celled creatures with nuclei that, like animals, display mobility and
heterotrophy, meaning they require organic matter to obtain
carbon for growth. He grew cultured
vesicles using
grass, beach
sand,
iron, and animal tissue, boiling them, adding
potassium and
gelatin. Having heated the materials to
incandescence with a heat-torch, he noted bright, glowing, blue vesicles, which, he claimed, could be cultured, and which gave off an observable radiant energy, which he called orgone. He named the vesicles "bions" and believed they were a rudimentary form of
life, or halfway between life and non-life. When he poured the cooled mixture onto growth media,
bacteria were born. Reich dismissed the idea that the bacteria were already present in the air, or in the sand and other materials he used. Reich's
The Bion Experiments on the Origin of Life was published in Oslo in 1938, leading to attacks in the press that he was a "Jew pornographer" who was daring to meddle with the origins of life. [
6]
In 1936, in
Beyond Psychology, Reich wrote that:
Since everything is antithetically arranged, there must be two different types of single-celled organisms: (a) life-destroying organisms or organisms that form through organic decay, (b) life-promoting organisms that form from inorganic material that comes to life.
This idea led Reich to believe he had found the cause of
cancer. He called the life-destroying organisms "T-bacilli," with the T standing for
Tod, German for
death. Later, in
The Cancer Biopathy (1948), he described how he had found them in a culture of rotting cancerous tissue obtained from a local hospital. He wrote that T-bacilli were formed from the disintegration of
protein. He claimed they were 0.2 to 0.5 micrometre in length, shaped like lancets, and when injected into
mice, they caused inflammation and cancer. He concluded that when (bio)energy diminishes in cells, through ageing or injury, the cells undergo "bionous degeneration" or death. At some point, the deadly T-bacilli start to form in the cells. Death from cancer, he believed, was caused by an overwhelming growth of the T-bacilli.
 |
Reich with a "cloudbuster" |
In March 1938,
Hitler annexed Austria. Reich's ex-wife and daughters had already left for the U.S., and in August 1939, Reich sailed out of Norway on the last boat to leave before the war began. He settled in
Forest Hills,
Long Island, and in 1946, married Ilse Ollendorf, with whom he had a son, Peter.
It was during this period, according to some researchers, that Reich appeared to suffer a breakdown. They say that he became
paranoid and revised parts of his earlier works to remove references to Marxist theory. [
7] Reich's defenders say that Reich's revisions were minor, confined only to the English-speaking American period of his work, and were primarily sexological, clinical, or scientific in nature. Reich was one of the first of the European socialists to break ranks completely with the Communist Party; for example, in his book
Mass Psychology of Fascism, which he wrote after a trip to Russia, he identified communism as "Red Fascism". His defenders say that the charge of paranoia is intended to discredit Reich's critique of Marxism. American writer Jim Martin alleges that many of those who have attacked Reich's biophysical research—on the orgone accumulator, for example—are themselves leftist and Marxist (Martin 2000).
In 1940, Reich built boxes — orgone accumulators — to concentrate orgone energy in the atmosphere, some for lab animals, and some large enough for a human being to sit inside. He now believed orgone was a type of
primordial cosmic energy, blue in color, which he claimed was
omnipresent and responsible for such things as
weather, the color of the
sky,
gravity, the formation of
galaxies, and the biological expressions of emotion and sexuality. Composed of alternating layers of ferrous metals and insulators with a high-dielectrical constant, his orgone accumulators had the appearance of a large hollow "
capacitor". He believed that sitting inside the box might provide a treatment for cancer and other illnesses. It was the construction of these boxes that caught the attention of the press, and wild rumors spread that they were "sex boxes" which caused uncontrollable erections. [
8]
Reich also designed a "cloudbuster" with which he said he could manipulate streams of orgone energy in the atmosphere to induce rain by forcing clouds to form and disperse. Based on experiments with the orgone accumulator, he argued that orgone energy was a negatively-entropic force in nature which was responsible for concentrating and organizing matter. During one drought-relief expedition to
Arizona, he claimed to have observed
UFOs, and speculated that orgone might be used for the propulsion of UFOs.
According to his theory, illness was primarily caused by depletion or blockages of the orgone energy within the body. He conducted clinical tests of the orgone accumulator on people suffering from a variety of illnesses. The patient would sit within the accumulator and absorb the "concentrated orgone energy". He built smaller, more portable accumulator-blankets of the same layered construction for application to parts of the body. The effects observed were claimed to boost the
immune system, even to the point of destroying certain types of tumors, though Reich was hesitant to claim this constituted a "cure." The orgone accumulator was also tested on mice with cancer, and on plant-growth, the results convincing Reich that the benefits of orgone therapy could not be attributed to a
placebo effect. He had, he believed, developed a grand unified theory of physical and mental health. [
9]
In 1940, Reich wrote to
Albert Einstein saying he had a scientific discovery he wanted to discuss, and on
January 13,
1941, he went to visit Einstein in
Princeton. They talked for five hours, and Einstein agreed to test an orgone accumulator, which Reich had made out of a
Faraday cage made of galvanized steel and insulated by wood and paper on the outside. Einstein agreed with Reich that if, as Reich suggested, an object's temperature could be raised without an apparent heating source, it would be "a bomb" in physics. This heating effect would be an amazing result since it would allow the construction of a
perpetual motion machine,[
10] which would violate the
laws of thermodynamics.[
11]
Reich supplied the device during their second meeting, and Einstein performed the experiment in his basement, which involved taking the temperature atop, inside, and near the device. He also stripped the device down to its Faraday cage to compare temperatures. Over the course of a week, in both cases, Einstein observed a rise in temperature, and confirmed Reich's finding in a published letter. Since Einstein could offer no explanation for the finding, Reich concluded that the heat was the result of a novel form of energy—orgone energy—that had accumulated inside the Faraday cage. However, one of Einstein's colleagues at
Princeton, the
Polish physicist
Leopold Infeld, interpreted the phenomenon as resulting from thermal
convection currents, though he failed to provide an experimental demonstration of his contention. Einstein concurred that the experiment could be explained by convection.
Over the next three years of correspondence, Reich and Einstein disagreed on the interpretation of the experiment. The entire correspondence between Reich and Einstein was published by Reich's press as
The Einstein Affair in 1953. In 2001, the neo-Reichians Paulo Correa and Alexandra Correa reproduced the experiment and introduced controls that they say rule out the possibility of convection as an explanation (see
Aetherometry). A similar experiment was independently carried out by their supporter
Eugene Mallove. However, these temperature effects were not observed in other, independent experiments. [
12]
 |
Reich with his wife Ilse and their son Peter, who wrote A Book of Dreams about his close relationship with his father, how they would go cloudbusting together, and his bewilderment when Reich died in prison when Peter was 13 years old. |
In
1947, Reich was attacked in
The New Republic and
Harpers in a series of articles written by Mildred Brady, a freelance writer. Jim Martin writes that Michael Straight, a former member of the
Cambridge Apostles and friend of some of those involved in the
Soviet-Cambridge spy ring, was the publisher of the Brady articles, and that the attack on Reich may have been prompted by Reich's turning his back on
Marxism (Martin, 2000). The articles triggered an investigation of Reich by the
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), who believed he was peddling a quack cancer cure. Reich had already been investigated by the
FBI because he was an immigrant with a communist background. According to an
FBI press release dated
February 25,
2000:
This German immigrant described himself as the Associate Professor of Medical Psychology, Director of the Orgone Institute, President and research physician of the Wilhelm Reich Foundation, and discoverer of biological or life energy. A 1940 security investigation was begun to determine the extent of Reich's communist commitments. In 1947, a security investigation concluded that neither the Orgone Project nor any of its staff were engaged in subversive activities or were in violation of any statute within the jurisdiction of the FBI. [13]
Though cleared of suspicion of subversive activities, the FDA investigation continued. On
February 10,
1954, acting on allegations in the Brady articles, they filed a complaint seeking a permanent
injunction under the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to prevent interstate shipment of orgone-therapy equipment and literature. [
14] Reich refused to appear in court, apparently believing that no court was in a position to evaluate his work. On February 25, he wrote to Judge Clifford:
My factual position in the case as well as in the world of science of today does not permit me to enter the case against the Food and Drug Administration, since such action would, in my mind, imply admission of the authority of this special branch of the government to pass judgment on primordial, pre-atomic cosmic orgone energy." [15]
Because of Reich's failure to appear, Judge Clifford granted the injunction on
March 19,
1954. [
16] The ruling stated that all written material, including books, papers and pamphlets that mentioned "orgone energy" had to be destroyed, and that further copies of Reich's books could not be published, including his revised classics like
The Mass Psychology of Fascism, unless the words "orgone energy" were deleted.
|
Image of Reich in prison, by André Koehne |
In May 1956, Reich was arrested for technical violation of the injunction when an associate moved some orgone-therapy equipment across a state line, and Reich was charged with
contempt of court. Once again, he refused to arrange a legal defense. He was brought in chains to the courthouse in
Portland,
Maine. Representing himself, he admitted to having violated the injunction and arranged for the judge to be sent copies of his books. He was sentenced to two years' imprisonment.
Dr. Morton Herskowitz, a fellow psychiatrist and friend of Reich's wrote of the trial:
"Because he viewed himself as a historical figure, he was making a historical point, and to make that point he had conducted the trial that way. If I had been in his shoes, I would have wanted to escape jail, I would have wanted to be free, etc. I would have conducted the trial on a strictly legal basis because the lawyers had said, 'We can win this case for you. Their case is so weak, so when you let us do our thing we can get you off.' But he wouldn't do it." [17]
On
June 5,
1956, FDA officials traveled to Orgonon, Reich's 200-
acre (80-
hectare) estate near Rangeley, Maine, where they destroyed the accumulators, and on
June 26,
burned many of his books. On
August 25,
1956 and again on
March 17,
1960, [
18] the remaining six tons of his books, journals and papers were burned in the 25th Street public incinerator in
New York's
lower east side (Gansevoort incinerator). In March 1957, he was sent to Danbury Federal Prison, where a psychiatrist examined him, recording: "
Paranoia manifested by
delusions of grandiosity and
persecution and
ideas of reference." [
19]
Reich died in his sleep of
heart failure on
November 3,
1957 in the federal penitentiary in
Lewisburg,
Pennsylvania, one day before he was due to apply for parole. He was buried in Orgonon. At his own instruction, his granite headstone said simply:
Wilhelm Reich
Born March 24, 1897Died November 3, 1957 Not one psychiatric or established scientific journal carried an
obituary.
Time Magazine noted:
Died. Wilhelm Reich, 60, once-famed psychoanalyst, associate, and follower of Sigmund Freud, founder of the Wilhelm Reich Foundation, lately better known for unorthodox sex and energy theories; of a heart attack in Lewisburg Federal Penitentiary, Pa; where he was serving a two-year term for distributing his invention, the "orgone energy accumulator" (in violation of the Food and Drug Act), a telephone-booth-size device which supposedly gathered energy from the atmosphere, and could cure, while the patient sat inside, common colds, cancer and impotence.
 |
From Kate Bush's song, Cloudbusting, based on Peter Reich's book |
As of 2005, the mainstream scientific community pays little attention to Reich's work, but he is popular in other areas, particularly
psychotherapy. Nearly all of his publications have been reprinted, save for his research journals which are available only as photocopies via the Wilhelm Reich Museum. [
20] The first editions are not available: Reich continuously amended his books throughout his life, and the owners of Reich's intellectual property actively forbid anything other than the latest revised versions to be reprinted. In the late 1960s, the publishing house of
Farrar, Straus & Giroux republished Reich's major works. Reich's earlier books, particularly
The Mass Psychology of Fascism, are regarded as historically valuable.
William Steig,
Norman Mailer,
William S. Burroughs, and
Orson Bean have all undergone Reich's orgone therapy. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Reich's ideas on social and sexual freedom enjoyed a revival and most of his books were reprinted and widely read, including by the loosely defined "
New Left" and students' movements in Europe and the U.S., though often with considerable distortion of his ideas.
 |
An orgone accumulator |
His influence is strongly felt in psychotherapy. He was a forerunner of body-oriented, emotions-based psychotherapies, influencing
Fritz Perls'
Gestalt therapy and
Arthur Janov's
primal therapy. See also
Neo-Reichian massage. His pupil
Alexander Lowen, the founder of
bioenergetic analysis,
Charles Kelley, the founder of
Radix therapy, and
James DeMeo of the Orgone Biophysical Research Laboratory [
21] ensure that his research receives widespread attention. Many practising psychoanalysts give credence to his theory of character, and his book
Character Analysis is still used as a textbook. The American College of Orgonomy [
22], originally led by Dr. Elsworth Baker, and the Institute for Orgonomic Science [
23] led by Dr. Morton Herskowitz, still use Reich's original therapeutic methods. His ideas have also remained popular amongst users of
radionics.[
24] Don Croft has invented a simple, modified cloudbuster that he claims converts dead orgone in the atmosphere into positive orgone in order to dispel
chemtrails [
25]
Reich's life and work continue to influence popular culture, with references to orgone and cloudbusting found in songs by
Clutch,
Hawkwind,
Pop Will Eat Itself,
Turbonegro and
Patti Smith.
Kate Bush's song, "Cloudbusting," [
26] describes Reich's arrest and incarceration through the eyes of Reich's son, Peter, who wrote his father's story in
A Book of Dreams, published in 1973.
Frank Zappa was also influenced by Reich's work. The philosopher and science fiction author
Robert Anton Wilson wrote a play,
Wilhelm Reich in Hell, based on his life. A film about Reich's teachings called
W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism was made in 1971 by
Yugoslavian director
Dusan Makavejev.
Books by Wilhelm ReichDer triebhafte Charakter : eine psychoanalytische Studie zur Pathologie des Ich, 1925
Die Funktion des Orgasmus : zur Psychopathologie und zur Soziologie des Geschlechtslebens,
1927Ueber den Oedipuskomplex : drei psychoanalytische Studien with Felix Boehm and Otto Fenichel,
1931Character analysis or in the original:
Charakteranalyse : Technik und Grundlagen für studierende und praktizierende Analytiker, 1933
Massenpsychologie des Faschismus, 1933, original German edition, banned by the Nazis and the Communists.
The Mass Psychology of Fascism, 1946 revised and enlarged U.S. edition
Die Sexualitaet im Kulturkampf, 1936 U.S. edition 1945
The Sexual RevolutionDialektischer Materialismus und Psychoanalyse, 1929
Der Einbruch der Sexualmoral, 1932
Die Sexualitaet im Kulturkampf, 1936
Die Bione, 1938
English-language books by Reich:*
American Odyssey:Letters and Journals 1940-1947*
Beyond Psychology:Letters and Journals 1934-1939*
The Bioelectrical Investigation of Sexuality and Anxiety*
The Bion Experiments: On the Origins of Life*
Function of the Orgasm (Discovery of the Orgone, Vol.1)*
The Cancer Biopathy (Discovery of the Orgone, Vol.2)*
Character Analysis*
Children of the Future: On the Prevention of Sexual Pathology*
Contact With Space: Oranur Second Report*
Cosmic Superimposition: Man's Orgonotic Roots in Nature*
Early Writings*
Ether, God and Devil*
Genitality in the Theory and Therapy of Neuroses*
The Invasion of Compulsory Sex-Morality*
Listen, Little Man!*
Mass Psychology of Fascism*
The Murder of Christ (Emotional Plague of Mankind, Vol.2)*
The Oranur Experiment*
The Orgone Energy Accumulator, Its Scientific and Medical Use*
Passion of Youth: An Autobiography, 1897-1922*
People in Trouble: Emotional Plague of Mankind, Vol.1)*
Record of a Friendship: The Correspondence of Wilhelm Reich and A.S. Neill (1936-1957)*
Reich Speaks of Freud*
Selected Writings: An Introduction to Orgonomy*
The Sexual RevolutionAbout Reich and his findings, by various authors* Albini, Carlo:
Creazione & Castigo: La Grande Congiura Contro Wilhelm Reich, Tre Editori, Roma 1998.
* Baker, Elsworth F.:
Man In The Trap, Macmillan, NY, 1967.
* Bean, Orson:
Me And The Orgone, St. Martin's Press, NY, 1971.
* Boadella, David:
Wilhelm Reich, The Evolution Of His Work, Henry Regnery, Chicago, 1973.
* Boadella, David (Ed.):
In The Wake Of Reich, Coventure, London, 1976.
* Brady, Mildred Edie, "The Strange Case of Wilhelm Reich,"
New Republic, May 26, 1947
* ___________________ "The New Cult of Sex and Anarchy,"
Harper's, April 1947.
* Cantwell, Alan,
Wilhelm Reich: Scientific Genius or Medical Madman New Dawn Magazine
, May-June 2004
* DeMeo, James: The Orgone Accumulator Handbook: Construction Plans, Experimental Use and Protection Against Toxic Energy
, Natural Energy Works, Ashland, Oregon 1989.
* DeMeo, James (Ed.): On Wilhelm Reich And Orgonomy (Pulse of the Planet #4), Natural Energy Works, Ashland, Oregon 1993.
* DeMeo, James: Saharasia: The 4000 BCE Origins of Child-Abuse, Sex-Repression, Warfare and Social Violence, In the Deserts of the Old World, Natural Energy Works, Ashland, Oregon 1998.
* DeMeo, James & Senf, Bernd (Eds.): Nach Reich: Neue Forschungen zur Orgonomie: Sexualokonomie, Die Entdeckung Der Orgonenergie (After Reich: New Research in Orgonomy: Sex-Economy, Discovery of the Orgone Energy), Zweitausendeins Verlag, Frankfurt, 1998.
* DeMeo, James (Ed.): Heretic's Notebook: Emotions, Protocells, Ether-Drift and Cosmic Life Energy, With New Research Supporting Wilhelm Reich, Natural Energy Works, Ashland, Oregon 2002.
* Eden, Jerome: Orgone Energy, The Answer To Atomic Suicide
, Exposition, NY, 1972.
* Eden, Jerome: Animal Magnetism And The Life Energy
, Exposition, NY, 1974.
* Greenfield, Jerome: Wilhelm Reich Vs. The USA
, W.W. Norton, NY, 1974.
* Herskowitz, Morton: Emotional Armoring: An Introduction to Psychiatric Orgone Therapy
, Transactions Press, NY 1998.
* Hoppe, Walter: Wilhelm Reich Und Andere Grosse Manner Der Wissenschaft Im Kampf Mit Dem Irrationalismus
(Wilhelm Reich and Other Great Men of Science in the Battle Against Irrationalism
), Verlag Kurt Nane Jurgensen, Munich, 1985.
* Laska, Bernd A.: Sigmund Freud contra Wilhelm Reich Auszug aus Laska, Bernd A.: Wilhelm Reich. Bildmonographie.
Rowohlt, Reinbek 1981, 1999
* Mann, Edward: Orgone, Reich And Eros: Wilhelm Reich's Theory Of The Life Energy
, Simon & Schuster, NY, 1973.
* Mann, Edward & Hoffman, Ed: The Man Who Dreamed Of Tomorrow: A Conceptual Biography Of Wilhelm Reich
, J.P. Tarcher, 1980.
* Martin, Jim: Wilhelm Reich and the Cold War
, Flatland Books, Mendocino, CA, 2000.
* Meyerowitz, Jacob: Before the Beginning of Time
, rRp Publishers, Easton, PA 1994.
* Moise, William S.: A Taste Of Color, A Touch Of Love
, Hancock, Maine, 1970.
* Ollendorff, Ilse: Wilhelm Reich: A Personal Biography
, St. Martin's Press, NY, 1969.
* Overly, Richard: Gentle Bio-Energetics: Tools for Everyone
, Gentle Bioenergetics Press, Asheville, NC, 1998.
* Raknes, Ola: Wilhelm Reich And Orgonomy
, St. Martin's Press, NY, 1970; Penguin, Baltimore, 1970.
* Reich, Peter: A Book Of Dreams
, Harper & Row, NY, 1973.
* Ritter, Paul, Ed.: Wilhelm Reich Memorial Volume
, Ritter Press, Nottingham, England, 1958.
* Sharaf, Myron: Fury On Earth: A Biography Of Wilhlem Reich
, St. Martin's-Marek, NY, 1983.
* Senf, Bernd: Die Wiederentdeckung des Lebendigen (The Rediscovery of the Living)
, Zweitausendeins Verlag, Frankfurt, 1996.
* Wilson, Robert Anton: Wilhelm Reich in Hell, Aires Press, 1998.
* Wyckoff, James: Wilhelm Reich: Life Force Explorer'', Fawcett, Greenwich, CT, 1973.
The Einstein experiments*Wilhelm Reich,
The Einstein Affair, 1953
*Correa, P & Correa, A (1998, 2001) "The thermal anomaly in ORACs and the Reich-Einstein experiment: implications for blackbody theory", Akronos Publishing, Concord, ON, Canada, ABRI monograph AS2-05.
*Correa PN & Correa AN (2001) "The reproducible thermal anomaly of the Reich-Einstein experiment under limit conditions", Infinite Energy, 37:12.
*Mallove, E (2001) "Breaking Through: A Bombshell in Science", Infinite Energy, 37:6.
*Mallove, E (2001) "Breaking Through: Aether Science and Technology", Infinite Energy, 39:6.
*Aspden, H (2001) "Gravity and its thermal anomaly: was the Reich-Einstein experiment evidence of energy inflow from the aether?", Infinite Energy, 41:61.
*Bearden, T (2002) "Energy from the vacuum", Cheniere Press, Santa Barbara, CA, pp. 333-337.
*References in Einstein biographies:
**Ronald W. Clark,
Einstein: The Life and Times, New York: Avon, 1971, ISBN 038001159X Reich on pages 689-90 paperback edition.
**Denis Brian,
Einstein: A Life, John WIley, 1996, ISBN 0471114596 Reich discussed on pages 325-327, 382, 399
**See
Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Physics#1941_Reich-Einstein_experiment for some quotes from the above two books.
*
List of Austrian scientists*
List of Austrians*
Aetherometry*
Bibliography on Orgonomy, a full listing of scholarly works on Wilhelm Reich
*
Orgonon - The Wilhelm Reich Museum*
Aetherometry - The Science of Massfree Energy; encompasses experimental and theoretical crystallization of, and enlargement upon, Reich's work*
Orgone Biophysical Research Laboratory*
On-Line Bibliography on Orgonomy (Includes list of
University Theses and Dissertations focused on Reich's work)
*
PORE, Public Orgonomic Research Exchange (Includes a
Biography (Timeline) of Wilhelm Reich and his Orgonomic Research)
*
Reich's FBI File*
Skeptic's Dictionary: orgone energy, Wilhelm Reich*
Response to Martin Gardner's Attack on Reich and Orgone Research in the Skeptical Inquirer *
The American College of Orgonomy*
Scientific Reproduction of Reich's Biophysical Experiments*
A Skeptical Scrutiny of the Works and Theories of Wilhelm Reich*
Wilhelm Reich within the Project LSR ("orgone forgone")*
Marxism and Psychoanalysis: Notes on Wilhelm Reich's life and work*
The Einstein Affair, Orgone Institute Press, 1953*
Reference to Reich-Einstein correspondence in Oregon State University archives*
2 chapters of Gone Dark by "W.B. Smyth", supposed "document" of the
Philadelphia experiment. "50 Years after Albert Einstein: The Failure of the Unified Field", the beginning talks of Reich.
*
A description of the experiment with Einstein*
A "rain engineering" service offered by a Singaporean company based on Reich's work.
*
Looking at the work of Reich, Naessens, Bechamp, Rife and Enderlein with regard to disease research
