William Ross Ashby
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William Ross Ashby 1955 |
William Ross Ashby (
September 6,
1903,
London -
November 15,
1972) was an
English psychiatrist and a pioneer in the study of
complex systems. Despite being widely influential within
cybernetics,
systems theory and, more recently,
complex systems, he is not nearly as well known as many of the notable scientists his work has influenced including
Herbert Simon,
Norbert Wiener,
Ludwig von Bertalanffy,
Stafford Beer and
Stuart Kauffman.
In May 1928, Ashby was 24 and a medical student at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London when he started recording his theories in a series of 25 notebooks. He wrote on average half a page a day for 44 years until shortly before he died. In January 2003 the notebooks, and an electronic copy, were donated to The British Library, London.
In 1946, Alan Turing wrote to Ashby suggesting he uses his ACE for his experiments instead of building a special machine. In 1948 Ashby made the Homeostat. Ashby only made one reference to Turing in his notebooks in December 1954.
From
1947 to
1959, Ashby was director of research at
Barnwood House Hospital in
Gloucester. From
1959 to
1960 he was Director of the
Burden Neurological Institute. From
1960 to
1970 in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Ashby became a fellow of the
Royal College of Psychiatry in
1971.
*"Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System",
Journal of General Psychology (
1947), volume 37, pages 125--128 (first known occurrence of the term "
self-organizing" in print).
Design for a Brain, Chapman & Hall, 2nd edition,
1966, ISBN 0-412-20090-2 (original edition,
1952)
Introduction to Cybernetics, Chapman & Hall,
1956, ISBN 0416683002 (
also available in electronic form as a PDF from Principia Cybernetica)
*"Principles of Self-Organizing Systems" in Heinz Von Foerster and George W. Zopf, Jr. (eds.),
Principles of Self-Organization (Sponsored by Information Systems Branch, U.S. Office of Naval Research),
1962*
Cybernetics*
Intelligence amplification*
Self-organization*
Systems theory*
Ashby's unpublished private notebooks*
Encyclopedia Britannica Yearbook (1973),
Obituary Notice* Shalizi, Cosma, "W. Ross Ashby", note dated 29 Nov 1999 in
Notebooks,
Webpage
